Python의 매직 설명자

class RevealAccess(object):
    def __get__(self, obj, objtype):
        print('self in RevealAccess: {}'.format(self))
        print('self: {}\nobj: {}\nobjtype: {}'.format(self, obj, objtype))
class MyClass(object):
    x = RevealAccess()
    def test(self):
        print('self in MyClass: {}'.format(self))

>>> m = MyClass()
>>> m.test()
self in MyClass: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>
>>> m.x
self in RevealAccess: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
self: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
obj: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>
objtype: <class &#39;__main__.MyClass&#39;>

>>> MyClass.x
self in RevealAccess: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
self: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
obj: None
objtype: <class &#39;__main__.MyClass&#39;>

data descriptor > instance dict > non-data descriptor > __getattr__()

property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute

class Account(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._acct_num = None
    def get_acct_num(self):
        return self._acct_num
    def set_acct_num(self, value):
        self._acct_num = value
    def del_acct_num(self):
        del self._acct_num
    acct_num = property(get_acct_num, set_acct_num, del_acct_num, '_acct_num property.')

>>> acct = Account()
>>> acct.acct_num = 1000
>>> acct.acct_num
1000

class Account(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._acct_num = None
    @property
     # the _acct_num property. the decorator creates a read-only property
    def acct_num(self):
        return self._acct_num
    @acct_num.setter
    # the _acct_num property setter makes the property writeable
    def set_acct_num(self, value):
        self._acct_num = value
    @acct_num.deleter
    def del_acct_num(self):
        del self._acct_num

class Person(object):
    def addProperty(self, attribute):
        # create local setter and getter with a particular attribute name
        getter = lambda self: self._getProperty(attribute)
        setter = lambda self, value: self._setProperty(attribute, value)
        # construct property attribute and add it to the class
        setattr(self.__class__, attribute, property(fget=getter, \
                                                    fset=setter, \
                                                    doc="Auto-generated method"))
    def _setProperty(self, attribute, value):
        print("Setting: {} = {}".format(attribute, value))
        setattr(self, '_' + attribute, value.title())
    def _getProperty(self, attribute):
        print("Getting: {}".format(attribute))
        return getattr(self, '_' + attribute)

class StaticMethod(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        self.f = f
    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        return self.f

class MyClass(object):
    @StaticMethod
    def get_x(x):
        return x
print(MyClass.get_x(100))  # output: 100

class ClassMethod(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        self.f = f
    def __get__(self, obj, klass=None):
        if klass is None:
            klass = type(obj)
        def newfunc(*args):
            return self.f(klass, *args)
        return newfunc

In [1]: class Test(object):
    ...:     def __getattribute__(self, item):
    ...:         print('call __getattribute__')
    ...:         return super(Test, self).__getattribute__(item)
    ...:     def __getattr__(self, item):
    ...:         return 'call __getattr__'
    ...:
In [2]: Test().a
call __getattribute__
Out[2]: 'call __getattr__'

class Storage(dict):
    """
    A Storage object is like a dictionary except `obj.foo` can be used
    in addition to `obj['foo']`.
    """
    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError as k:
            raise AttributeError(k)
    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value
    def __delattr__(self, key):
        try:
            del self[key]
        except KeyError as k:
            raise AttributeError(k)
    def __repr__(self):
        return &#39;<Storage &#39; + dict.__repr__(self) + &#39;>&#39;

>>> s = Storage(a=1)
>>> s['a']
1
>>> s.a
1
>>> s.a = 2
>>> s['a']
2
>>> del s.a
>>> s.a
...
AttributeError: 'a'

class MyList(object):
    def __init__(self, *args):
        self.numbers = args
    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self.numbers[item]
my_list = MyList(1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3)
print my_list[2]

class CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):
    @property
    def lower_keys(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_lower_keys') or not self._lower_keys:
            self._lower_keys = dict((k.lower(), k) for k in self.keys())
        return self._lower_keys
    def _clear_lower_keys(self):
        if hasattr(self, '_lower_keys'):
            self._lower_keys.clear()
    def __contains__(self, key):
        return key.lower() in self.lower_keys
    def __getitem__(self, key):
        if key in self:
            return dict.__getitem__(self, self.lower_keys[key.lower()])
    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
        self._clear_lower_keys()
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
        self._lower_keys.clear()
    def get(self, key, default=None):
        if key in self:
            return self[key]
        else:
            return default

>>> d = CaseInsensitiveDict()
>>> d['ziwenxie'] = 'ziwenxie'
>>> d['ZiWenXie'] = 'ZiWenXie'
>>> print(d)
{'ZiWenXie': 'ziwenxie', 'ziwenxie': 'ziwenxie'}
>>> print(d['ziwenxie'])
ziwenxie
# d['ZiWenXie'] => d['ziwenxie']
>>> print(d['ZiWenXie'])
ziwenxie