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  import React, { useState } from 'react';

  function Counter() {
    const [count, setCount] = useState(0); // Declare a state variable called 'count'

    return (
      <div>
        <p>You clicked {count} times</p>
        <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
          Click me
        </button>
      </div>
    );
  }

  import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';

  function Example() {
    const [data, setData] = useState(null);

    useEffect(() => {
      fetch('https://api.example.com/data')
        .then(response => response.json())
        .then(data => setData(data));
    }, []); // Empty dependency array means this effect runs once after the initial render.

    return <div>{data ? data : 'Loading...'}</div>;
  }

  import React, { useContext } from 'react';
  const ThemeContext = React.createContext('light');

  function DisplayTheme() {
    const theme = useContext(ThemeContext); // Access the current theme context value

    return <div>The current theme is {theme}</div>;
  }

  import React, { useReducer } from 'react';

  function reducer(state, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
      case 'increment':
        return { count: state.count + 1 };
      case 'decrement':
        return { count: state.count - 1 };
      default:
        return state;
    }
  }

  function Counter() {
    const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, { count: 0 });

    return (
      <div>
        <p>Count: {state.count}</p>
        <button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'increment' })}>+</button>
        <button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'decrement' })}>-</button>
      </div>
    );
  }

  import React, { useRef, useEffect } from 'react';

  function TextInputWithFocusButton() {
    const inputEl = useRef(null);

    const onButtonClick = () => {
      inputEl.current.focus(); // Access the DOM element directly
    };

    return (
      <>
        <input ref={inputEl} type="text" />
        <button onClick={onButtonClick}>Focus the input</button>
      </>
    );
  }

  import React, { useMemo, useCallback } from 'react';

  function Example({ items }) {
    const expensiveCalculation = useMemo(() => {
      return items.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
    }, [items]);

    const memoizedCallback = useCallback(() => {
      console.log('This function is memoized');
    }, []);

    return <div>{expensiveCalculation}</div>;
  }