Single-threaded JavaScript

First we need to know thatJavaScriptis aSingle-threaded interpretedlanguage. This means that we can only execute one command at the same time. The reason why it is a single-threaded language has to do with its purpose.
JavaScript was originally designed to enhance the interaction between the browser and the user, especially the interaction with the form. Later Ajax technology was also invented to make the interaction with the form more humane. Because JavaScript is an interpreted language, and the interpreter is embedded in the browser, this interpreter is single-threaded.
The reason why it is not designed to be multi-threaded is because multi-threading can easily cause deadlocks or resource conflicts when rendering web pages. But the browser itself is multi-threaded. For example, it interprets and runs JavaScript while loading network resources.

Why doesn't JavaScript support multithreading?

Event loop

Single thread means that if you want to run a lot of commands, then these commands need to be sorted. Under normal circumstances, these commands are executed in order from top to bottom ( Because the interpreter starts at the top of the file). For example, the following code is executed in order.

console.log("1");
console.log("2");
console.log("3");
//1
//2
//3

But we also know that there is asynchronous programming in JavaScript, such as Ajax, setTimeout, setInterval or Promise, async, await in ES6.

So what are synchronous and asynchronous?

The execution of a command in the computer means that it is using resources such as the CPU at this time, so there are many commands that want to obtain CPU resources, and the CPU executes commands It also takes time to calculate and obtain the result, so there is the concept of synchronous and asynchronous.

Synchronization means that when a CPU request is issued, the CPU request will not return until the result is obtained. But once the call returns, you get the return value.

Asynchronous means that after the CPU request is issued, the call returns directly, so no result is returned. After the operation is completed, a series of means are needed to obtain the return value

At this time, the concepts of process and thread must be introduced.

Processes and threads

Process

Concept:A process is a process with certain The dynamic execution process of a program with independent functions on a data set is an independent unit for resource allocation and scheduling by the operating system, and is the carrier for application running.

Thread

Since the process uses the CPU in turns, there is process switching, but due to the current program They are all relatively large, and the switching overhead is very high, which will waste CPU resources, so threads were invented to decompose a large process into multiple threads for joint execution.

Difference

• #The process is the smallest unit for the operating system to allocate resources, and the thread is the smallest unit for program execution.

• A process consists of one or more threads. Threads are different execution routes of code in a process;

• Processes are independent of each other, but threads in the same process share the program's memory space (including code segments, data sets, heaps, etc.) and some process-level resources (such as open files and signals) ).

• # Scheduling and switching: Thread context switching is much faster than process context switching.

For example

If I were Naruto, I would like to eat a lot of ramen. If I eat it alone If there are 10 bowls, then I will finish eating ramen in one process and one thread.
But if I use 9 clones to eat 10 bowls of ramen with me, then I am a process using 9 threads to complete the task of eating ramen.
The multi-process means that while the celebrity is eating ramen in Ichiraku Ramen, the lustful immortal is peeking at the girl taking a bath~~. The lustful immortal is a single process and single thread to take a peek!

Browser thread

The kernel of the browser is multi-threaded. Under the control of the kernel, each thread cooperates with each other to maintain synchronization. The browser usually consists of the following threads:

• GUI rendering thread

• JavaScript引擎线程

• 事件触发线程

• 异步http请求线程

• EventLoop轮询的处理线程

这些线程的作用：

• UI线程用于渲染页面

• js线程用于执行js任务

• 浏览器事件触发线程用于控制交互，响应用户

• http线程用于处理请求，ajax是委托给浏览器新开一个http线程

• EventLoop处理线程用于轮询消息队列

JavaScript事件循环和消息队列

因为JavaScript是单线程的，而浏览器是多线程的，所以为了执行不同的同步异步的代码，JavaScript运行的环境采用里事件循环和消息队列来达到目的。
每个线程的任务执行顺序都是FIFO(先进先出)
在JavaScript运行的环境中，有一个负责程序本身的运行，作为主线程；另一个负责主线程与其他线程的通信，被称为Event Loop 线程。
每当主线程遇到异步的任务，把他们移入到Event Loop 线程，然后主线程继续运行，等到主线程完全运行完之后，再去Event Loop 线程拿结果。
而每个异步任务都包含着与它相关联的信息，比如运行状态，回调函数等。

由此我们可以知道，同步任务和异步任务会被分发到不同的线程去执行。
现在我们就可以分析一下一下代码的运行结果了。

setTimeout(()=>{console.log("我才是第一");},0);
console.log("我是第一");

1. 因为setTimeout是异步的事件，所以主线程把它调入Event Loop线程进行注册。

2. 主线程继续执行console.log("我是第一");

3. 主线程执行完毕，从Event Loop 线程读取回调函数。再执行console.log("我才是第一");;

setTimeout 和 setInterval

setTimeout

这里值得一提的是，setTimeout(callback,0)指的是主线程中的同步任务运行完了之后立刻由Event Loop 线程调入主线程。
而计时是在调入Event Loop线程注册时开始的，此时setTimeout的回调函数执行时间与主线程运行结束的时间相关。
关于setTimeout要补充的是，即便主线程为空，0毫秒实际上也是达不到的。根据HTML的标准，最低是4毫秒。

setInterval

需要注意的是，此函数是每隔一段时间将回调函数放入Event Loop线程。
一旦setInterval的回调函数fn执行时间超过了延迟时间ms，那么就完全看不出来有时间间隔了

micro-task（微任务）与macro-task（宏任务）

Event Loop线程中包含任务队列（用来对不同优先级的异步事件进行排序），而任务队列又分为macro-task（宏任务）与micro-task（微任务），在最新标准中，它们被分别称为task与jobs。

• macro-task大概包括：script(整体代码), setTimeout, setInterval, setImmediate, I/O, UI rendering。

• micro-task大概包括: process.nextTick, Promise, Object.observe(已废弃), MutationObserver(html5新特性)

• setTimeout/Promise等我们称之为任务源。而进入任务队列的是他们指定的具体执行任务（回调函数）。

来自不同的任务源的任务会进入到不同的任务队列中，而不同的任务队列执行过程如下：
执行过程如下：
JavaScript引擎首先从macro-task中取出第一个任务，
执行完毕后，将micro-task中的所有任务取出，按顺序全部执行；
然后再从macro-task中取下一个，
执行完毕后，再次将micro-task中的全部取出；
循环往复，直到两个队列中的任务都取完。

举个大例子

console.log("start");
var promise = new Promise((resolve) => {
 console.log("promise start..");
 resolve("promise");
}); //3
promise.then((val) => console.log(val));
setTimeout(()=>{console.log("setTime1")},0);
console.log("test end...")

这里我们按顺序来分析。

第一轮

1. 整体script代码作为一个宏任务进入主线程，运行console.log("start");。

2. 然后遇到Promises直接运行console.log("promise start..")。

3. 然后遇到promise.then，存入到micro-task队列中。

4. 然后遇到setTimeout,存入到macro-task队列中。

5. 于然后运行console.log("test end...");

6. 在这一轮中，宏任务运行结束，运行micro-task队列中的promise.then，输出promise

第二轮

1. 取出macro-task队列中的setTimeout，运行console.log("setTime1");

结果

输出的顺序就是

// start
// promise start
// test end...
// promise
//setTime1

留一个案例你们去分析

async function testSometing() { console.log("执行testSometing"); return "testSometing"; } async function testAsync() { console.log("执行testAsync"); return Promise.resolve("hello async"); } async function test() { console.log("test start..."); const v1 = await testSometing(); console.log(v1); const v2 = await testAsync(); console.log(v2); console.log(v1, v2); } test(); var promise = new Promise((resolve) => { console.log("promise start.."); resolve("promise"); }); //3 promise.then((val) => console.log(val)); setTimeout(()=>{console.log("setTime1")},3000); console.log("test end...")

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