Python のマジックメソッド

it = iter(range(100))
 print(it.__length_hint__())
 # 100
 next(it)
 print(it.__length_hint__())
 # 99
 
 a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 it = iter(a)
 print(it.__length_hint__())
 # 5
 next(it)
 print(it.__length_hint__())
 # 4
 a.append(6)
 print(it.__length_hint__())
 # 5

 class Pet:
def __init_subclass__(cls, /, default_breed, **kwargs):
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
cls.default_breed = default_breed
 
 class Dog(Pet, default_name="German Shepherd"):
pass

 class CallableClass:
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("I was called!")
 
 instance = CallableClass()
 
 instance()
 # I was called!

 class NoInstances(type):
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
raise TypeError("Can't create instance of this class")
 
 class SomeClass(metaclass=NoInstances):
@staticmethod
def func(x):
print('A static method')
 
 instance = SomeClass()
 # TypeError: Can't create instance of this class

 class Singleton(type):
def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
cls.__instance = None
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if cls.__instance is None:
cls.__instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance
else:
return cls.__instance
 
 class Logger(metaclass=Singleton):
def __init__(self):
print("Creating global Logger instance")

 class Document:
def __init__(self, text):
self.text = text
 
 bare_document = Document.__new__(Document)
 print(bare_document.text)
 # AttributeError: 'Document' object has no attribute 'text'
 
 setattr(bare_document, "text", "Text of the document")

 class Document:
def __init__(self, text):
self.text = text
 
@classmethod
def from_file(cls, file): # Alternative constructor
d = cls.__new__(cls)
# Do stuff...
return d

 class String:
def __init__(self, value):
self._value = str(value)
 
def custom_operation(self):
pass
 
def __getattr__(self, name):
return getattr(self._value, name)
 
 s = String("some text")
 s.custom_operation() # Calls String.custom_operation()
 print(s.split()) # Calls String.__getattr__("split") and delegates to str.split
 # ['some', 'text']
 
 print("some text" + "more text")
 # ... works
 print(s + "more text")
 # TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'String' and 'str'

 def logger(cls):
original_getattribute = cls.__getattribute__
 
def getattribute(self, name):
print(f"Getting: '{name}'")
return original_getattribute(self, name)
 
cls.__getattribute__ = getattribute
return cls
 
 @logger
 class SomeClass:
def __init__(self, attr):
self.attr = attr
 
def func(self):
...
 
 instance = SomeClass("value")
 instance.attr
 # Getting: 'attr'
 instance.func()
 # Getting: 'func'

 # some_module/__init__.py
 __all__ = ["func", "some_var"]
 
 some_var = "data"
 some_other_var = "more data"
 
 def func():
return "hello"
 
 # -----------
 
 from some_module import *
 
 print(some_var)
 # "data"
 print(func())
 # "hello"
 
 print(some_other_var)
 # Exception, "some_other_var" is not exported by the module

 from pathlib import Path
 
 print(__file__)
 print(Path(__file__).resolve())
 # /home/.../directory/examples.py
 
 # Or the old way:
 import os
 print(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
 # /home/.../directory/

# Directory structure:
 # .
 # |____some_dir
 # |____module_three.py
 # |____module_two.py
 # |____module_one.py
 
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 modules = list(Path(__file__).parent.glob("*.py"))
 print([PurePath(f).stem for f in modules if f.is_file() and not f.name == "__init__.py"])
 # ['module_one', 'module_two', 'module_three']

 # example.py
 def func():
if __debug__:
print("debugging logs")
 
# Do stuff...
 
 func()