Python の変数パラメーターの *args と **kwargs を理解する

def test_defargs(one, two = 2):
   print 'Required argument: ', one
   print 'Optional argument: ', two

test_defargs(1)
# result:
# Required argument: 1
# Optional argument: 2

test_defargs(1, 3)
# result:
# Required argument: 1
# Optional argument: 3

def test_args(first, *args):
   print 'Required argument: ', first
   for v in args:
      print 'Optional argument: ', v

test_args(1, 2, 3, 4)
# result:
# Required argument: 1
# Optional argument:  2
# Optional argument:  3
# Optional argument:  4

def test_kwargs(first, *args, **kwargs):
   print 'Required argument: ', first
   for v in args:
      print 'Optional argument (*args): ', v
   for k, v in kwargs.items():
      print 'Optional argument %s (*kwargs): %s' % (k, v)

test_kwargs(1, 2, 3, 4, k1=5, k2=6)
# results:
# Required argument:  1
# Optional argument (*args):  2
# Optional argument (*args):  3
# Optional argument (*args):  4
# Optional argument k2 (*kwargs): 6
# Optional argument k1 (*kwargs): 5

def test_args(first, second, third, fourth, fifth):
    print 'First argument: ', first
    print 'Second argument: ', second
    print 'Third argument: ', third
    print 'Fourth argument: ', fourth
    print 'Fifth argument: ', fifth

# Use *args
args = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
test_args(*args)
# results:
# First argument:  1
# Second argument:  2
# Third argument:  3
# Fourth argument:  4
# Fifth argument:  5

# Use **kwargs
kwargs = {
    'first': 1,
    'second': 2,
    'third': 3,
    'fourth': 4,
    'fifth': 5
}

test_args(**kwargs)
# results:
# First argument:  1
# Second argument:  2
# Third argument:  3
# Fourth argument:  4
# Fifth argument:  5

def foo(*args, **kwargs):
    print('args = ', args)
    print('kwargs = ', kwargs)
    print('---------------------------------------')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    foo(1,2,3,4)
    foo(a=1,b=2,c=3)
    foo(1,2,3,4, a=1,b=2,c=3)
    foo('a', 1, None, a=1, b='2', c=3)