PHP 属性の使用: すべきこととしてはいけないこと

PHP の属性を使用すると、コード要素にメタデータで直接注釈を付けることができるため、コード構成が簡素化され、Laravel などのフレームワークでの定型文が削減される可能性があります。ただし、他の機能と同様に、属性は過剰に使用されたり、誤って適用されたりする可能性があり、その結果、コントローラーが乱雑になり、コードの保守が困難になります。

この投稿では、コードの明瞭さを高める方法で属性を使用するためのベスト プラクティスを検討します。また、各比較の例とともに「すべきこととしてはいけないこと」の表も提供し、属性がうまく機能するシナリオとそうでないシナリオを強調します。

1. PHP の属性を理解する

これは、属性を定義して使用してコンテキストを提供する簡単な例です。

#[Attribute]
class MyCustomAttribute {
    public function __construct(public string $description) {}
}

#[MyCustomAttribute("This is a test class")]
class MyClass {
    #[MyCustomAttribute("This is a test method")]
    public function myMethod() {}
}

2. すべきこととしてはいけないこと: 概要

ベスト プラクティスと一般的な落とし穴をまとめた表を以下に示します。

3. Detailed Comparisons with Examples

Let’s dive into each comparison with specific examples.

1. Use Attributes for Standard, Repetitive Configurations (Do)

Attributes are ideal for standard configurations that don’t require complex logic. Here are three good examples:

• Defining Routes: Use attributes to define straightforward routes with HTTP methods and paths.

  #[Attribute]
  class Route {
      public function __construct(public string $method, public string $path) {}
  }

  class ProductController {
      #[Route('GET', '/products')]
      public function index() {}
  }

• Cache Control: Use an attribute to specify cache duration for methods.

  #[Attribute]
  class Cache {
      public function __construct(public int $duration) {}
  }

  class ProductController {
      #[Cache(3600)]
      public function show($id) {}
  }

• Rate Limiting: A Throttle attribute could be used to limit the number of requests per user.

  #[Attribute]
  class Throttle {
      public function __construct(public int $maxAttempts) {}
  }

  class UserController {
      #[Throttle(5)]
      public function store() {}
  }

Don’t Overload Attributes with Complex Configurations (Don’t)

Avoid using attributes for configurations that require multiple parameters or conditions. Here’s what not to do:

• Overloading with Multiple Configurations: Avoid adding multiple parameters to an attribute.

  #[Attribute]
  class Route {
      public function __construct(
          public string $method,
          public string $path,
          public ?string $middleware = null,
          public ?string $prefix = null
      ) {}
  }

  #[Route('POST', '/users', middleware: 'auth', prefix: '/admin')]

• Conditional Logic in Attributes: Avoid conditional settings within attributes.

  #[Attribute]
  class Condition {
      public function __construct(public string $condition) {}
  }

  class Controller {
      #[Condition("isAdmin() ? 'AdminRoute' : 'UserRoute'")]
      public function index() {}
  }

• Chained Configurations in a Single Attribute: Avoid chaining multiple configuration behaviors in one attribute.

  #[Attribute]
  class Combined {
      public function __construct(
          public int $cacheDuration,
          public int $rateLimit
      ) {}
  }

  #[Combined(cacheDuration: 300, rateLimit: 5)]

2. Leverage Attributes for Metadata (Do)

Use attributes as markers or metadata, rather than embedding application logic within them. Here’s how:

• Annotations for Validation: Mark a field as required with an attribute.

  #[Attribute]
  class Required {}

  class User {
      #[Required]
      public string $name;
  }

• Specify HTTP Method as Metadata: Use attributes to mark the HTTP method type.

  #[Attribute]
  class Get {}

  class BlogController {
      #[Get]
      public function list() {}
  }

• Indicate Access Levels: Use attributes to indicate access level requirements.

  #[Attribute]
  class RequiresAdmin {}

  class SettingsController {
      #[RequiresAdmin]
      public function update() {}
  }

Don’t Embed Business Logic in Attributes (Don’t)

Avoid using attributes to determine application behavior directly. Here’s what not to do:

• Avoid Direct Conditions in Attributes: Don’t place conditional checks in attributes.

  #[Attribute]
  class AccessControl {
      public function __construct(public string $role) {}
  }

  #[AccessControl(role: isAdmin() ? 'admin' : 'user')]

• Avoid Method Calls in Attributes: Don’t place function calls or business logic in attributes.

  #[Attribute]
  class ConditionalCache {
      public function __construct(public int $duration) {}
  }

  #[ConditionalCache(duration: userHasPremium() ? 3600 : 300)]

• Avoid Calculated Values in Attributes: Attributes should be static metadata, not calculated values.

  #[Attribute]
  class Cache {
      public function __construct(public int $duration) {}
  }

  #[Cache(duration: (int)env('CACHE_DURATION'))]

3. Apply Attributes for Simple, Reusable Annotations (Do)

Attributes work well for lightweight annotations that can be reused. Here are some reusable annotation examples:

• Simple Throttle: A straightforward throttle attribute to limit request rates.

  #[Attribute]
  class Throttle {
      public function __construct(public int $limit) {}
  }

  #[Throttle(5)]

• Cache Control: Add cache control attributes with a single duration parameter.

  #[Attribute]
  class Cache {
      public function __construct(public int $duration) {}
  }

  #[Cache(120)]

• Deprecation Warning: Mark methods as deprecated to alert developers.

  #[Attribute]
  class Deprecated {
      public function __construct(public string $message) {}
  }

  #[Deprecated("This method will be removed in v2.0")]

Don’t Overuse Attributes for Configurations That Are Easier in Other Formats (Don’t)

Some configurations are better managed outside of attributes. Here’s what not to do:

• Middleware Configuration: Avoid configuring middleware directly in attributes.

  #[Attribute]
  class Middleware {
      public function __construct(public string $name) {}
  }

  #[Middleware('auth')]

• Authorization Rules: Complex authorization configurations are better in policy files.

  #[Attribute]
  class Permission {
      public function __construct(public string $requiredPermission) {}
  }

  #[Permission("edit_post")]

• Complex Validation Rules: Keep validation logic out of attributes.

  #[Attribute]
  class Validate {
      public function __construct(public array $rules) {}
  }

  #[Validate(['name' => 'required|min:3'])]

Conclusion

Attributes offer an elegant way to handle repetitive configurations, especially in PHP frameworks like Laravel.

However, they work best as simple metadata, and it’s essential to avoid overloading them with complex configurations or logic.

By following the best practices and using attributes as lightweight, reusable annotations, you can harness their full potential without adding unnecessary complexity to your codebase.

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