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How to Check Memory Usage in Linux? (free Command Explained)
The free-h command is the most direct tool to check memory usage in Linux. It focuses on the "Available" value rather than "used", because Linux will use free memory for recyclable cache; it can be used with -ps, top or /proc/meminfo to analyze process-level memory usage in depth.
Dec 21, 2025 am 12:48 AM
How to Set Up a Swap File in Linux? (Step-by-Step Instructions)
Creating and enabling a Linux swap file requires five steps: create the file with fallocate or dd, set permissions with chmod600, format with mkswap, enable swapon, add entries to /etc/fstab for persistence, and optionally tune the swappiness value.
Dec 20, 2025 am 12:55 AM
How to install a Let's Encrypt SSL Certificate on Linux? (Certbot Guide)
Use Certbot to quickly and free install the Let's Encrypt SSL certificate on Linux. It requires three steps: install the corresponding web server plug-in, run the certbot command to obtain the certificate, and configure automatic renewal; the certificate is stored in /etc/letsencrypt/live/, be sure to open port 80 and verify the renewal.
Dec 20, 2025 am 12:34 AM
How to troubleshoot a Linux server that is not responding
Firstchecknetworkconnectivityusingping,telnet,ornctoconfirmreachabilityandserviceaccess.Ifunreachable,useconsoleorphysicalaccesstoinspectsystemstateforfreezes,kernelpanics,orhardwareissues.Onceaccessed,analyzeCPU,memory,diskusageviatop,free,df,andiot
Dec 19, 2025 am 01:42 AM
How to run a command as another user in Linux? (su vs sudo)
sudo is used to execute a single command under policy control and requires the user's own password; su is used to completely switch identities and requires the target user's password. sudo is more secure and auditable, and su is suitable for sudo-less environments or scenarios that require a complete session.
Dec 19, 2025 am 01:10 AM
How to Create and Delete Directories in Linux? (mkdir and rmdir)
In Linux, use mkdir to create a directory (supports -p to create nesting and -m to set permissions), and use rmdir to delete empty directories (supports -p to delete level by level); non-empty directories need to use rm-r, but rmdir is safer.
Dec 18, 2025 am 03:00 AM
How to Backup and Restore a MySQL Database in Linux? (mysqldump Guide)
Thestandard,reliablewaytobackupandrestoreaMySQLdatabaseisusingmysqldumpforexportandmysqlforimport.Use--single-transactionforconsistentInnoDBbackups,--routinesand--eventsforstoredobjects,compresswithgzip,ensurethetargetdatabaseexistsbeforerestore,auto
Dec 18, 2025 am 02:50 AM
How to Set Up a Basic Firewall with UFW on Linux? (Step-by-Step)
UFW is a simplified front-end for iptables, suitable for Ubuntu/Debian systems. After pre-installation or installation through apt, SSH is allowed first and then enabled. The default policy is set to deny inbound and allow outbound. Service port rules are added as needed, and rules management by number is supported.
Dec 17, 2025 am 01:18 AM
How to Manage Environment Variables in Linux? (.bashrc Examples)
Linux environment variables are persistently configured through ~/.bashrc and are used to control program behavior; they take effect every time a new terminal is opened, and the variables need to be exported using export; after modification, source ~/.bashrc is reloaded; sensitive information should be stored in a separate file, and GUI application variables need to be set in ~/.profile.
Dec 17, 2025 am 12:09 AM
How to Use sed to Find and Replace Text in Linux? (Code Examples)
sed is a stream editor used for text filtering and conversion in Linux. It supports search and replacement, regular matching and in-place editing. The basic syntax is sed's/old/new/g'. You can modify the file with -i and back it up with -i.bak. Please pay attention to the escape and delimiter selection.
Dec 16, 2025 am 02:18 AM
How to check for listening ports in Linux with lsof? (Command Examples)
lsof-i-P-nisthemostdirectandreliablewaytolistalllisteningports,showingIPaddressesandportnumberswithoutDNSorservicenameresolution;add-sTCP:LISTENtofilteronlylisteningTCPsockets,lsof-i:8080-P-ntocheckaspecificport,orsudolsof-i-P-n-sTCP:LISTEN|awk'{prin
Dec 16, 2025 am 12:43 AM
How to Schedule Tasks with Cron in Linux? (Crontab Examples)
LinuxcronschedulestasksviacrontabfileswithsyntaxMINHOURDOMMONDOWCOMMAND,supportingwildcards,ranges,lists,andintervals;userseditwithcrontab-e,useabsolutepaths,setPATH,andredirectoutputtoensurereliability.
Dec 15, 2025 am 01:20 AM
How to set up a RAID 1 array in Linux with mdadm? (Step-by-Step)
RAID1 implements dual-disk mirror redundancy in Linux through mdadm. You need to prepare two free disks of the same capacity, clear the partition table, create an array, format and mount them, and then update the initramfs and mdadm configuration files to achieve automatic assembly at boot.
Dec 15, 2025 am 12:27 AM
How to Grant Sudo Privileges to a User in Linux? (visudo Example)
The correct way to grant sudo permissions to a user is to add them to the sudo group (sudousermod-aGsudousername) in Ubuntu/Debian, join the wheel group (sudousermod-aGsudousername) in RHEL/CentOS/Fedora, or use visudo to safely edit the sudoers file; you need to log in again and verify after the operation.
Dec 14, 2025 am 12:35 AM
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