Écrire des tests unitaires qui impliquent des appels d'API moqueurs ou stubbants peut sembler écrasant : j'y suis moi-même allé. Dans cet article, je vais vous guider à travers une manière plus simple et plus efficace de simuler les requêtes API pendant les tests.
Avant de plonger dans le vif du sujet, voici une liste d’outils que nous utiliserons :
Ne vous inquiétez pas si vous ne connaissez pas tout, suivez simplement et je vous guiderai à travers chaque étape.
Voici le lien Github vers le projet
Aperçu
Nous allons créer une application React simple qui récupère et affiche une liste de tâches à l'aide de l'API Json Placeholder. Dans ce projet, nous rédigerons des scénarios de test pour vérifier les éléments suivants :
Ce guide couvrira deux approches principales ;
Commençons !
Pour commencer à créer l'application, suivez ces étapes :
1. Créez une nouvelle application React : Exécutez la commande suivante pour créer votre application React :
npx create-react-app msw-example
2. Démarrez l'application : Après la configuration, accédez au dossier du projet et exécutez :
npm start
3. Installez les packages nécessaires : Ensuite, installez @tanstack/react-query pour gérer les données côté client :
npm install @tanstack/react-query
React Query (Tanstack Query) aide à gérer la gestion de l'état côté serveur, y compris la mise en cache, la synchronisation et la récupération de données. Vous pouvez en savoir plus dans leur documentation officielle
Vous pouvez maintenant commencer à écrire la logique de l'application et configurer React Query pour gérer efficacement la récupération des données. Voici à quoi cela ressemble après l'avoir configuré.
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query"; import { Todos } from "components/Todos"; const queryClient = new QueryClient(); function App() { return ( <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}> <div data-testid="app" className="App"> <Todos /> </div> </QueryClientProvider> ); } export default App;
Ensuite, nous créons le composant Todos qui affiche une liste de nos tâches.
Todos.js
import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query"; import { getTodos } from "api/todo"; export function Todos() { const { data, isError, isLoading } = useQuery({ queryFn: getTodos, queryKey: ["TODOS"], }); if (isLoading) { return <p>loading todo list</p>; } if (isError) { return <p>an error occurred fetching todo list</p>; } return ( <div> {Boolean(data.length) ? ( <ol> {data.map((item) => ( <li key={item.id}>{item.title}</li> ))} </ol> ) : ( <p>You do not have todos created yet</p> )} </div> ); }
Maintenant que tout est configuré, commençons à écrire les tests pour les scénarios que nous avons décrits plus tôt. Tout d’abord, nous allons implémenter cela en utilisant l’approche traditionnelle que nous connaissons déjà : nous moquer des appels d’API à l’aide de Jest
Consultez le dépôt github pour pouvoir suivre
La manière traditionnelle de se moquer des appels API
React et Jest fonctionnent ensemble de manière transparente, aucune configuration ou configuration supplémentaire n'est donc nécessaire, du moins pour le moment. Nous allons créer un fichier nommé Todos.test.js à côté de notre composant Todo.js, où nous importerons le composant Todos et rédigerons nos tests..
Nous avons une fonction appelée getTodos qui est chargée de faire un appel API pour récupérer la liste des tâches et renvoyer la réponse.
export async function getTodos() { const response = await fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", { headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json", }, }); if (!response.ok) { const res = await response.json(); throw new Error(res.message || response.status); } return response.json(); }
Dans votre fichier Todos.test.js, vous devez importer le composant Todos et créer une fonction utilitaire qui fournit un wrapper avec le fournisseur React Query. Cela garantit que le composant Todos et ses enfants peuvent utiliser React-Query pour gérer l'état du serveur dans les tests.
import { render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react"; import { Todos } from "./Todos"; import { reactQueryWrapper } from "utils/reactQueryWrapper"; import { getTodos } from "api/todo"; const { wrapper, queryCache } = reactQueryWrapper();
Ensuite, nous devons nous moquer de la fonction getTodos. Cela nous permettra de spécifier les valeurs de retour pour chaque scénario de test, nous donnant ainsi le contrôle des données renvoyées par la fonction pendant le test. De plus, nous veillerons à ce que toutes les données restantes des scénarios de test précédents soient nettoyées, afin que chaque scénario de test démarre sur une table rase.
Exemple de code
jest.mock("api/todo", () => ({ getTodos: jest.fn(), })); afterEach(() => { queryCache.clear(); jest.clearAllMocks(); });
Todos.test.js
import { render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react"; import { Todos } from "./Todos"; import { reactQueryWrapper } from "utils/reactQueryWrapper"; import { getTodos } from "api/todo"; const { wrapper, queryCache } = reactQueryWrapper(); jest.mock("api/todo", () => ({ getTodos: jest.fn(), })); afterEach(() => { queryCache.clear(); }); afterEach(() => { jest.clearAllMocks(); });
Premier scénario de test : Rend l'état de chargement
Nous souhaitons vérifier que notre composant affiche correctement l'état de chargement pendant que la requête est en cours.
test("Renders loading state", () => { getTodos.mockImplementation(() => { return new Promise((resolve) => { setTimeout(() => { resolve(); }, 1000); }); }); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); const loadingText = screen.getByText("loading todo list"); expect(loadingText).toBeInTheDocument(); });
Deuxième scénario de test : Rend l'état d'erreur lorsque la demande échoue ou en cas d'erreur réseau
Nous voulons vérifier que le composant affiche correctement un état d'erreur lorsque la requête API échoue ou rencontre une erreur réseau.
test("Renders error state when request fails or there is network error", async () => { getTodos.mockImplementationOnce(() => { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { reject(); }); }); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); await screen.findByText("an error occurred fetching todo list"); expect( screen.getByText("an error occurred fetching todo list") ).toBeInTheDocument(); });
Troisième scénario de test : Liste des rendus des tâches
Nous voulons vérifier que notre composant restitue correctement la liste des tâches lorsque la requête réussit.
test("Renders list of todos", async () => { getTodos.mockImplementation(() => { return Promise.resolve([ { id: 1, title: "Exercise" }, { id: 2, title: "Cook" }, ]); }); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); const loadingText = screen.queryByText("loading todo list"); await waitFor(() => expect(loadingText).not.toBeInTheDocument()); const list = screen.getByRole("list"); expect(list).toBeInTheDocument(); expect(within(list).getAllByRole("listitem")).toHaveLength(2); });
Quatrième scénario de test : Liste des rendus des tâches
Nous souhaitons vérifier que votre composant affiche correctement un message de retour lorsque la requête API renvoie une liste vide de tâches.
test("Renders feedback message when user has an empty list of todos", async () => { getTodos.mockImplementationOnce(() => { return Promise.resolve([]); }); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText("loading todo list")).not.toBeInTheDocument() ); expect( screen.getByText("You do not have todos created yet") ).toBeInTheDocument(); });
Great! Now that we've covered mocking API calls with Jest, let’s explore a better approach using Mock Service Worker (MSW). MSW provides a more elegant and maintainable way to mock API calls by intercepting network requests at the network level rather than within your tests.
Introducing MSW (Mock Service Worker)
Mock Service Worker (MSW) is an API mocking library designed for both browser and Node.js environments. It allows you to intercept outgoing requests, observe them, and provide mocked responses. MSW helps you simulate real-world scenarios in your tests, making them more robust and reliable.
Read more about MSW
Setting Up MSW
Step 1: Install MSW using the following command:
npm install msw@latest --save-dev
Step 2: Set up the environment you wish to intercept requests in—either Browser or Node. Before doing so, create a mock directory within your src directory. Inside this directory, you'll create the following files and directories:
browser.js: Handles request interception in the browser environment.
server.js: Handles request interception in the Node.js environment.
handlers: A directory containing files that define the API endpoints to intercept.
Here’s how your folder structure should look:
src/ └── mock/ ├── browser.js ├── server.js └── handlers/
This setup ensures that you have a clear organization for intercepting and handling requests in both browser and Node.js environments using MSW.
Browser Environment Setup
To set up MSW for intercepting requests in the browser, follow these steps:
1. Create the browser.js File
In your src/mock directory, create a file named browser.js. This
file will set up the MSW worker to intercept requests in the
browser environment.
// src/mock/browser.js import { setupWorker } from 'msw/browser'; // Create a worker instance to intercept requests export const worker = setupWorker();
2. Generate the mockServiceWorker.js File
This file is required for MSW to function properly in the browser.
Generate it using the following command from the root directory of
your application:
npx msw init <PUBLIC_DIR> --save
This command initializes the MSW service worker and places the mockServiceWorker.js file into the public directory of your React app.
3. Start the Service Worker
Import and start the worker in your application entry point
(typically index.js or App.js).
// src/index.js import React from "react"; import ReactDOM from "react-dom/client"; import "./index.css"; import App from "./App"; import reportWebVitals from "./reportWebVitals"; if (process.env.NODE_ENV === "development") { const mswState = localStorage.getItem("mswState") === "enabled"; if (mswState) { const { worker } = require("./mocks/browser"); worker.start(); window.__mswStop = worker.stop; } } const root = ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById("root")); root.render( <React.StrictMode> <App /> </React.StrictMode> );
4. Verify the Setup
To ensure that the service worker is correctly set up, navigate to
the URL of your application in the browser:
http://localhost:3000/mockServiceWorker.js
You should see the service worker script displayed in your browser. This confirms that the service worker is correctly installed and ready to intercept requests.
If your MSW setup is correct and enabled, you should see a console message indicating that MSW is active. Your browser console should display logs similar to this:
These logs confirm that the MSW service worker is properly intercepting network requests and is ready to mock API responses according to the handlers you’ve defined.
Node Environment Setup
To set up MSW for intercepting requests in a Node.js environment (for example, in server-side tests), follow these steps:
Step 1: Create the server.js File
In the src/mock directory, create a file named server.js. This file sets up the MSW server to intercept requests in a Node.js environment.
// src/mock/server.js import { setupServer } from "msw/browser"; // Create a server instance with the defined request handlers export const server = setupServer();
Step 2: Define the API Handlers
Create a file named posts.js in the handlers directory.This file will describe the APIs you want to intercept and the mock responses.
// src/mock/handlers/posts.js import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw"; export const postHandlers = [ // Handler for GET /todos request http.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", () => { return HttpResponse.json([ { id: 1, title: "totam quia non" }, { id: 2, title: "sunt cum tempora" }, ]); }), ];
Here, we're defining that when MSW intercepts a GET request to https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos, it should respond with a 200 status code and the provided JSON data.
Step 3: Hook Handlers to the Browser Worker
Update the browser.js file to include the defined handlers.
import { setupWorker } from "msw/browser"; import { postHandlers } from "./handlers/posts"; export const worker = setupWorker(...postHandlers);
Step 4: Hook Handlers to the Node Server
Ensure the handlers are also used in the Node.js environment by updating the server.js file.
import { setupServer } from "msw/node"; import { postHandlers } from "./handlers/posts"; export const server = setupServer(...postHandlers);
With these configurations in place, your MSW setup is complete and ready for both browser and Node.js environments. Congratulations on completing the setup! ?
Using MSW in our Tests
To use MSW in your tests, you need to set up your test environment to utilize the mock server for intercepting API calls. Here’s a guide to setting up and writing tests using MSW with your Todos component.
Create the Test File
Create a new file named Todos.MSW.test.js next to your
Todos.jscomponent. This file will contain your tests that
utilize MSW for mocking API responses.
Set Up Test Environment
In your Todos.MSW.test.js file, import the necessary modules and
set up the environment for using MSW with your tests. Below is an
example setup:
import { render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react"; import { http, delay, HttpResponse } from "msw"; import { Todos } from "./Todos"; import { reactQueryWrapper } from "utils/reactQueryWrapper"; import { server } from "mocks/server"; const { wrapper, queryCache } = reactQueryWrapper(); afterEach(() => { queryCache.clear(); }); afterEach(() => { jest.clearAllMocks(); }); beforeAll(() => server.listen()); afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers()); afterAll(() => server.close());
First Test Scenario: Renders loading state
We want to verify that our component correctly displays the loading state while the request is in progress.
test("Renders loading state", () => { server.use( http.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", async () => { await delay(1000); return HttpResponse.json([]); }) ); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); const loadingText = screen.getByText("loading todo list"); expect(loadingText).toBeInTheDocument(); });
Second Test Scenario: Renders error state when request fails or there is network error
We want to verify that the component correctly renders an error state when the API request fails or encounters a network error.
test("Renders error state when request fails or there is network error", async () => { server.use( http.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", async () => { return HttpResponse.json([], { status: 500, }); }) ); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); await screen.findByText("an error occurred fetching todo list"); expect( screen.getByText("an error occurred fetching todo list") ).toBeInTheDocument(); });
Third Test Scenario: Renders list of todos
We want to verify that our component correctly renders the list of todos when the request is successful.
test("Renders list of todos", async () => { render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); const loadingText = screen.queryByText("loading todo list"); await waitFor(() => expect(loadingText).not.toBeInTheDocument()); const list = screen.getByRole("list"); expect(list).toBeInTheDocument(); expect(within(list).getAllByRole("listitem")).toHaveLength(2); });
Fourth Test Scenario: Renders list of todos
We want to verify that your component correctly renders a feedback message when the API request returns an empty list of todos.
test("Renders feedback message when user has an empty list of todos", async () => { server.use( http.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", () => { return HttpResponse.json([]); }) ); render(<Todos />, { wrapper }); await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByText("loading todo list")).not.toBeInTheDocument() ); expect( screen.getByText("You do not have todos created yet") ).toBeInTheDocument(); });
Final Thoughts
Mocking API calls is crucial for effective testing, allowing you to simulate different scenarios without relying on real backend services. While traditional Jest mocking can be effective, MSW offers a more sophisticated solution with better support for various environments and more realistic request handling.
Here are a few tips to keep in mind:
Choose the Right Tool: Use MSW for a more comprehensive
solution that integrates seamlessly with your React application,
especially when dealing with complex request handling.
Organize Your Handlers: Keep your API handlers well-organized
and modular to make them easier to maintain and extend.
Clean Up After Tests: Ensure that your tests clean up properly
by resetting handlers and clearing mocks to avoid interference
between tests.
Verify Setup: Always check your setup by inspecting the network
requests and responses to ensure that everything is working as
expected.
By incorporating MSW into your testing strategy, you'll achieve more reliable and maintainable tests, leading to a smoother development experience and higher quality software.
Happy testing! ?
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