Do you often find that your Linux system runs slowly or becomes abnormally stuck? If so, you don't have to worry too much, because it only takes 60 seconds to check the performance to find some problems and improve system efficiency.
Overview: By executing the following command, you can have a general understanding of system resource usage within 1 minute
uptime dmesg | tail vmstat 1 mpstat -P ALL 1 pidstat 1 iostat -xz 1 free -m sar -n DEV 1 sar -n TCP,ETCP 1 top
Some of these commands require the sysstat package to be installed, and some are provided by the procps package. The output of these commands helps to quickly locate performance bottlenecks and check the utilization, saturation and error metrics of all resources (CPU, memory, disk IO, etc.), which is the so-called USE method.
Let’s introduce these commands one by one. For more parameters and instructions on these commands, please refer to the command manual.
uptime
$ uptime 23:51:26 up 21:31, 1 user, load average: 30.02, 26.43, 19.02
This command can quickly check the load status of the machine. In Linux systems, these data represent the number of processes waiting for CPU resources and blocked in uninterruptible IO processes (process status is D). This data can give us a macro understanding of system resource usage.
The output of thecommand indicates the average load conditions for 1 minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes respectively. Through these three data, you can understand whether the server load is becoming tight or easing in the area. If the 1-minute average load is very high and the 15-minute average load is very low, it means that the server is commanding a high load and you need to further investigate where the CPU resources are being consumed. On the other hand, if the 15-minute load average is high and the 1-minute load average is low, it is possible that the time when CPU resources are tight has passed.
The output in the above example shows that the average load in the last minute is very high and much higher than the load in the last 15 minutes. Therefore, we need to continue to investigate which processes in the current system consume a lot of resources. You can further investigate by using vmstat, mpstat and other commands that will be introduced below.
dmesg丨tail
$ dmesg | tail [1880957.563150] perl invoked oom-killer: gfp_mask=0x280da, order=0, oom_score_adj=0 [...] [1880957.563400] Out of memory: Kill process 18694 (perl) score 246 or sacrifice child [1880957.563408] Killed process 18694 (perl) total-vm:1972392kB, anon-rss:1953348kB, file-rss:0kB [2320864.954447] TCP: Possible SYN flooding on port 7001. Dropping request. Check SNMP counters.
This command will output the last 10 lines of the system log. In the output in the example, you can see a kernel oom kill and a TCP packet loss. These logs can help troubleshoot performance issues. Don't forget this step.
vmstat 1
$ vmstat 1 procs ---------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 34 0 0 200889792 73708 591828 0 0 0 5 6 10 96 1 3 0 0 32 0 0 200889920 73708 591860 0 0 0 592 13284 4282 98 1 1 0 0 32 0 0 200890112 73708 591860 0 0 0 0 9501 2154 99 1 0 0 0 32 0 0 200889568 73712 591856 0 0 0 48 11900 2459 99 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 200890208 73712 591860 0 0 0 0 15898 4840 98 1 1 0 0 ^C
vmstat(8) command, each line will output some core system indicators, which allow us to understand the system status in more detail. The following parameter 1 indicates that statistical information is output once per second. The header prompts the meaning of each column. These columns introduce some columns related to performance tuning:
r: Number of processes waiting for CPU resources. This data reflects the CPU load better than the average load. The data does not include processes waiting for IO. If this value is greater than the number of machine CPU cores, then the machine's CPU resources are saturated.
free: The amount of system available memory (in kilobytes). If the remaining memory is insufficient, it will also cause system performance problems. The free command introduced below can provide a more detailed understanding of system memory usage.
si, so: The number of writes and reads in the swap area. If this data is not 0, it means that the system is already using the swap area (swap) and the machine's physical memory is insufficient.
us, sy, id, wa, st: These all represent the consumption of CPU time. They respectively represent user time (user), system (kernel) time (sys), idle time (idle), and IO waiting time ( wait) and stolen time (stolen, usually consumed by other virtual machines).
The above CPU times allow us to quickly understand whether the CPU is busy. Generally, if the sum of user time and system time is very large, the CPU is busy executing instructions. If the IO wait time is long, the bottleneck of the system may be disk IO.
As you can see from the output of the sample command, a large amount of CPU time is consumed in user mode, that is, the user application consumes CPU time. This is not necessarily a performance issue and needs to be analyzed together with the r queue.
mpstat-P ALL 1
$ mpstat -P ALL 1 Linux 3.13.0-49-generic (titanclusters-xxxxx) 07/14/2015 _x86_64_ (32 CPU) 07:38:49 PM CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 07:38:50 PM all 98.47 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 07:38:50 PM 0 96.04 0.00 2.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 07:38:50 PM 1 97.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 07:38:50 PM 2 98.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 07:38:50 PM 3 96.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.03 [...]
This command can display the usage of each CPU. If a CPU usage is particularly high, it may be caused by a single-threaded application.
pidstat 1
$ pidstat 1 Linux 3.13.0-49-generic (titanclusters-xxxxx) 07/14/2015 _x86_64_ (32 CPU) 07:41:02 PM UID PID %usr %system guest %CPU CPU Command 07:41:03 PM 0 9 0.00 0.94 0.00 0. 94 1 rcuos/0 07:41:03 PM 0 4214 5.66 5.66 0.00 11.32 15 mesos-slave 07:41:03 PM 0 4354 0.94 0.94 0.00 1.89 8 java 07:41:03 PM 0 6521 1596.23 1.89 0.00 1598.11 27 java 07:41:03 PM 0 6564 1571.70 7.55 0.00 1579.25 28 java 07:41:03 PM 60004 60154 0.94 4.72 0.00 5.66 9 pidstat 07:41:03 PM UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command 07:41:04 PM 0 4214 6.00 2.00 0.00 8.00 15 mesos-slave 07:41:04 PM 0 6521 1590.00 1.00 0.00 1591.00 27 java07:41:04 PM 0 6564 1573.00 10.00 0.00 1583.00 28 java 07:41:04 PM 108 6718 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0 snmp-pass 07:41:04 PM 60004 60154 1.00 4.00 0.00 5.00 9 pidstat ^C
The pidstat command outputs the CPU usage of the process. This command will continue to output and will not overwrite previous data, making it easy to observe system dynamics. From the output above, you can see that the two JAVA processes occupy nearly 1600% of the CPU time, consuming approximately 16 CPU core computing resources.
iostat-xz 1
$ iostat -xz 1 Linux 3.13.0-49-generic (titanclusters-xxxxx) 07/14/2015 _x86_64_ (32 CPU) avg- cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 73.96 0.00 3.73 0. 03 0.06 22.21 Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rkB/s wkB/s avgrq- sz avgqu-sz await r_await w_await svctm %util xvda 0.00 0.23 0.21 0.18 4.52 2.08 34.37 0.00 9.98 13.80 5.42 2.44 0.09 xvdb 0.0 1 0.00 1.02 8.94 127.97 598.53 145.79 0.00 0.43 1.78 0.28 0.25 0.25 xvdc 0.01 0.00 1.02 8.86 127.79 595.94 146.50 0.00 0.45 1.82 0.30 0.27 0.26 dm- 0 0.00 0.00 0.69 2.32 10.47 31.69 28.01 0.01 3.23 0.71 3.98 0.13 0.04 dm- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.01 3.78 8.00 0.33 345.84 0.04 346.81 0.01 0.00 dm- 2 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.07 1.35 0.36 22.50 0.00 2.55 0.23 5.62 1.78 0.03 [...] ^C
The iostat command is mainly used to check the machine disk IO status. The main meaning of the columns output by this command is:
r/s, w/s, rkB/s, wkB/s：分别表示每秒读写次数和每秒读写数据量（千字节）。读写量过大，可能会引起性能问题。
await：IO操作的平均等待时间，单位是毫秒。这是应用程序在和磁盘交互时，需要消耗的时间，包括IO等待和实际操作的耗时。如果这个数值过大，可能是硬件设备遇到了瓶颈或者出现故障。
avgqu-sz：向设备发出的请求平均数量。如果这个数值大于1，可能是硬件设备已经饱和（部分前端硬件设备支持并行写入）。
%util：设备利用率。这个数值表示设备的繁忙程度，经验值是如果超过60，可能会影响IO性能（可以参照IO操作平均等待时间）。如果到达100%，说明硬件设备已经饱和。
如果显示的是逻辑设备的数据，那么设备利用率不代表后端实际的硬件设备已经饱和。值得注意的是，即使IO性能不理想，也不一定意味这应用程序性能会不好，可以利用诸如预读取、写缓存等策略提升应用性能。
free -m
$ free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 245998 24545 221453 83 59 541 -/+ buffers/cache: 23944 222053 Swap: 0 0 0
free命令可以查看系统内存的使用情况，-m参数表示按照兆字节展示。最后两列分别表示用于IO缓存的内存数，和用于文件系统页缓存的内存数。需要注意的是，第二行-/+ buffers/cache，看上去缓存占用了大量内存空间。这是Linux系统的内存使用策略，尽可能的利用内存，如果应用程序需要内存，这部分内存会立即被回收并分配给应用程序。因此，这部分内存一般也被当成是可用内存。
如果可用内存非常少，系统可能会动用交换区（如果配置了的话），这样会增加IO开销（可以在iostat命令中提现），降低系统性能。
sar -n DEV 1
$ sar -n DEV 1 Linux 3.13.0-49-generic (titanclusters- xxxxx) 07/14/2015 _x86_64_ (32 CPU) 12:16:48 AM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s %ifutil 12:16:49 AM eth0 18763 .00 5032.00 20686.42 478.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:16:49 AM lo 14.00 14.00 1.36 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:16:49 AM docker0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:16:49 AM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rx cmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s %ifutil 12:16:50 AM eth0 19763.00 5101.00 21999.10 482.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:16:50 AM lo 20.00 20.00 3.25 3.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:16:50 AM docke r0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ^C
sar命令在这里可以查看网络设备的吞吐率。在排查性能问题时，可以通过网络设备的吞吐量，判断网络设备是否已经饱和。如示例输出中，eth0网卡设备，吞吐率大概在22 Mbytes/s，既176 Mbits/sec，没有达到1Gbit/sec的硬件上限。
sar -n TCP,ETCP 1
$ sar -n TCP,ETCP 1 Linux 3.13.0-49-generic (titanclusters-xxxxx) 07/14/2015 _x86_64_ (32 CPU) 12:17:19 AM active/s passive/s iseg/s o seg/s 12:17:20 AM 1.00 0.00 10233.00 18846.00 12:17:19 AM atmptf/s estres/s retrans/s isegerr/s orsts/s 12:17:20 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:17:20 AM active/s passive/s iseg/s oseg/s 12:17:21 AM 1.00 0.0 0 8359.00 6039.00 12:17:20 AM atmptf/s estres/s retrans/s isegerr/s orsts/s 12:17 :21 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ^C
sar命令在这里用于查看TCP连接状态，其中包括：
active/s：每秒本地发起的TCP连接数，既通过connect调用创建的TCP连接；
passive/s：每秒远程发起的TCP连接数，即通过accept调用创建的TCP连接；
retrans/s：每秒TCP重传数量；
TCP连接数可以用来判断性能问题是否由于建立了过多的连接，进一步可以判断是主动发起的连接，还是被动接受的连接。TCP重传可能是因为网络环境恶劣，或者服务器压力过大导致丢包。
top
$ top top - 00:15:40 up 21:56, 1 user, load average: 31.09, 29.87, 29.92 Tasks: 871 total, 1 running, 868 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie %Cpu(s): 96.8 us, 0.4 sy, 0.0 ni, 2. 7 id, 0.1 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 25190241+total, 24921688 used, 2269807 3+free, 60448 buffers KiB Swap: 0 total, 0 used, 0 free. 5542 08 cached Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMA ND 20248 root 20 0 0.227t 0.012t 18748 S 3090 5.2 29812:58 java 4213 root 20 0 2722544 64640 44232 S 23.5 0.0 233:35.37 mesos- slave 66128 titancl+ 20 0 24344 2332 1172 R 1.0 0.0 0:00.07 top 5235 root 20 0 38.227g 547004 49996 S 0.7 0.2 2:02.74 java 4299 root 20 0 2 0.015g 2.682g 16836 S 0.3 1.1 33:14.42 java 1 root 20 0 33620 2920 1496 S 0.0 0.0 0:03.82 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0. 0 0.0 0:00.02 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:05.35 ksoftirqd/0 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H 6 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:06.94 /u256:0 8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 2:38.05 rcu_sched
top命令包含了前面好几个命令的检查的内容。比如系统负载情况（uptime）、系统内存使用情况（free）、系统CPU使用情况（vmstat）等。因此通过这个命令，可以相对全面的查看系统负载的来源。同时，top命令支持排序，可以按照不同的列排序，方便查找出诸如内存占用最多的进程、CPU占用率最高的进程等。
但是，top命令相对于前面一些命令，输出是一个瞬间值，如果不持续盯着，可能会错过一些线索。这时可能需要暂停top命令刷新，来记录和比对数据。
总结
总之，在有限的时间内，只需进行简单的命令行操作，就可以轻松解决Linux系统的某些性能问题。通过这些简单的方法，你可以让你的系统更快速，响应更迅速，从而更好地满足你的需求。
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