By flushing your local DNS cache, you can resolve HTTP errors and protect yourself from DNS spoofing. Here's how to do it on Linux.
When you visit a website using a domain name, your system sends a request to the DNS server to obtain the IP address for the domain. This domain IP address pair is saved in the DNS cache for later use, so you don't have to send a request to the DNS server every time to establish a connection.
But sometimes, the local DNS cache becomes corrupted and causes HTTP errors. Thankfully, flushing and rebuilding the DNS cache is very easy in Linux operating systems. Here's how it's done.
There are several reasons why you might want to rebuild the DNS cache stored on your system. If your DNS record is out of date, you may want to re-obtain it from the DNS server. Additionally, if you are concerned that your system has been compromised, you may want to ensure that the DNS cache has not been tampered with, also known as DNS spoofing.
When you flush the DNS cache, the system must ping the DNS server again and obtain a new domain IP address record from it, removing any stale or corrupted data in the process.
Before systemd, most Linux distributions did not have a system-wide DNS cache, unless something like dnsmasq or nscd The program is set up manually. systemd comes with systemd-solved, a service that resolves domain names to IP addresses and caches DNS entries.
The following sections will guide you on how to view the contents of the DNS cache generated by systemd resolution, nscd, and dnsmasq so that you can understand the cached data before you decide to flush the cached data.
To view systemd-resolved cache records, you need to temporarily stop the service and then export its logs to a file.
First send the SIGUSR1 signal to terminate the systemd parsed service:
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo killall -USR1 systemd-resolved[sudo] linuxmi 的密码：
Use the journalctl command and the standard output operator to save the output to a text file:
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo journalctl -u systemd-resolved > ~/cache.txtlinuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com
You can then view the contents of the file using a text editor such as Vim:
In the file, search for "CACHE:" by pressing Escape, Type "/CACHE:" and press Enter. All DNS records listed under "CACHE:" are included in the local DNS cache. If you are using Vim, press the n key to jump to the next set of DNS entries.
To view the local cache generated by nscd, you need to use the string command to read the nscd host The contents of the database.
On Debian and Ubuntu based distributions, this file is located in /var/cache/nscd/hosts. Run the following command to view the file:
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo strings /var/cache/nscd/hosts | uniq
To view general statistics about the nscd DNS cache, use the -g flag:
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo nscd -g
Getting the exact records is not easy because dnsmasq stores the DNS cache in memory. You can send a kill signal to dnsmasq and log its output to get the number of DNS queries processed.
To do this, first, make sure dnsmasq is up and running using the systemctl command:
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo systemctl status dnsmasq
If the status says "Active", run the following command to terminate the service:
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo pkill -USR1 dnsmasq
使用 journalctl 命令，提取 dnsmasq 日志并将它们保存到文本文件中：
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo journalctl -u dnsmasq > ~/cache.txt
最后，使用文件查看实用程序（如 cat 或更少）查看文件的内容：
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % cat ~/cache.txt
刷新 DNS 缓存意味着从计算机中删除缓存的 DNS 记录。这将迫使它向DNS服务器发送请求，以获取新的DNS条目。
以下是在 Linux 上刷新 DNS 缓存的方法：
您可以使用 resolvectl 命令刷新 systemd 解析存储的 DNS 缓存：
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo resolvectl flush-caches
如果您运行的是 Ubuntu 17.04 或 18.04，请使用 systemd 解析的命令刷新缓存：
sudo systemd-resolved --flush-caches
删除 nscd 的 DNS 缓存的最便捷方法是重新启动服务。您可以通过运行以下命令来执行此操作：
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo /etc/init.d/nscd restart
如果这不起作用，首先，检查存储在PC上的本地缓存是否持久。您可以使用 -g 标志进行验证：
sudo nscd -g
如果是这种情况，请使用带有 nscd 命令的 –i 标志来清除记录（i 代表 invalidate）：
linuxmi@linuxmi ~/www.linuxmi.com % sudo nscd -i hosts
刷新 dnsmasq 生成的 DNS 缓存很简单。由于缓存存储在内存中，因此重新启动服务会删除所有存储的条目。
要重新启动 dnsmasq，请运行以下 systemctl 命令：
sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq
或者，发出以下命令：
service dnsmasq restart
如果出现提示，请输入管理员密码。现在要重新启动 dnsmasq，所有缓存中存在的 DNS 条目将被清除。
建议刷新 DNS 缓存后，检查本地缓存条目以确认数据已经成功删除。您可以使用 Linux 命令之一的 dig 来进行网络故障排除，并查看输出中的“查询时间”值。假如超过 0 毫秒，则说明缓存已经成功清除（若为 0 毫秒，则表示域记录仍存在于缓存中）。
dig google.com
您经常使用的 Web 浏览器也会缓存 DNS 记录。输入 URL 时，系统会在本地浏览器缓存中搜索缓存条目。如果未找到，它将检查本地系统缓存中的记录。清除 Web 浏览器的 DNS 缓存非常重要，因为它优先于系统范围的缓存。
为了演示，让我们刷新谷歌浏览器中的DNS缓存。在其他浏览器上也有一些方法可以做到这一点，所以最好 Google 一下如何使用你使用的浏览器做到这一点。
首先，在URL栏中键入“chrome://net-internals/#dns”并按Enter键：
点击“清除主机缓存”按钮来清除谷歌浏览器中存储的DNS条目。
Linux 乍一看可能看起来很复杂，但如果你花一些时间来学习它是如何工作的，你很快就会意识到它很棒，甚至可能比 Windows 或 macOS 更好。
大多数在线服务器都运行 Linux，如果您想学习网络或想知道计算机通常如何工作，这也是 Linux 理想选择的原因之一。
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