Coding standards and best practices in PHP

PHP is a widely used programming language often used for web development. As PHP continues to evolve, its coding standards and best practices are valued by more and more developers. This article will introduce coding standards and best practices in PHP to help developers write code that is readable and easy to maintain.

1. Code specifications

1. Indentation

When writing PHP code, four spaces are usually used for indentation. Using spaces instead of tabs ensures that your code displays consistently in different editors or IDEs.

2. Line break

For the sake of code readability, usually try not to exceed 80 characters in a line of code. If it exceeds, line break is required. You can wrap after a binary operator or comma, or after a function name. As shown below:

$array = [
    'apple',
    'banana',
    'cherry'
];

$result = $num1 + $num2 + $num3
         + $num4 + $num5;

$fullName = getName($firstName, 
                    $middleName, 
                    $lastName);

3. Naming convention

Naming convention can ensure the readability and maintainability of the code. In PHP, the commonly used naming conventions are as follows:

• Variable names use a combination of lowercase letters and underscores, such as $user_name.
• Constant names use a combination of all uppercase letters and underscores, such as MY_CONSTANT.
• Function names use a combination of lowercase letters and underscores, such as get_user_info().
• Class names use camel case naming with the first letter capitalized, such as UserInfo.

4. Comments

Comments can help readers better understand the intent and implementation of the code. In PHP, there are the following comment methods:

• Single-line comment: starting with //, such as // This is a single-line comment.
• Multi-line comments: start with / and end with /, such as / This is a multi-line comment /.
• Documentation comments: starting with /* and ending with /, used for documentation of functions and classes, as follows:

/**
 * 获取用户信息
 *
 * @param int $user_id 用户ID
 * @return array 用户信息数组
 */
function get_user_info($user_id) {
    // ...
}

2. The final Best practices

1. Using namespaces

After PHP5.3, the concept of namespaces was introduced, which can effectively avoid naming conflicts. When developing large projects, it is recommended to use namespaces to organize code.

2. Use automatic loading

In PHP, using automatic loading can avoid manually introducing each class file. PHP provides the spl_autoload_register() function to register automatic loading functions. For example:

spl_autoload_register(function($class_name) {
    require_once __DIR__ . '/' . str_replace('\', '/', $class_name) . '.php';
});

3. Using type declaration

After PHP7, declarations of function parameter types and return value types were introduced. Using type declarations can make the code more rigorous and avoid type errors.

function add(int $num1, int $num2): int {
    return $num1 + $num2;
}

4. Use exception handling

Use exception handling to have better control over the error handling of your code. When an exception occurs in the code, an exception object can be thrown and passed to the upper call. For example:

try {
    // some code
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // handle exception
}

5. Using object-oriented programming

In PHP, object-oriented programming has become mainstream. Using object-oriented programming can improve code reusability, maintainability, and scalability. For example:

class Animal {
    protected $name;

    public function __construct($name) {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    public function eat() {
        echo $this->name . ' is eating.';
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    public function __construct($name) {
        parent::__construct($name);
    }

    public function meow() {
        echo $this->name . ' is meowing.';
    }
}

$cat = new Cat('Tom');
$cat->eat();
$cat->meow();

Summary:

PHP’s code specifications and best practices are of great help to developers’ daily work. Using good coding standards and best practices can make the code cleaner, easier to read, easier to maintain, and improve development efficiency. Hopefully, some of the advice provided in this article will help all PHP developers write better code.

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