Why automotive cybersecurity is important

Cybersecurity is becoming a fundamental issue in the development of autonomous vehicle systems, as attacks could have serious consequences for autonomous electric vehicles and potentially endanger human lives. Software attacks can impact data-driven decisions that can negatively impact the autonomy of electric vehicles and undermine the benefits of autonomous vehicles.

With the integration of technologies such as edge computing, 5G, and high-performance processing units, autonomous vehicles have made many advances recently. In autonomous electric vehicles, edge computing helps process large amounts of data at the edge to reduce latency and help vehicles make data-driven decisions in real time. Edge sensors deployed in vehicles have scarce resources but require high computing power to process data. This data is then migrated to edge data centers and clouds to provide IoV communications and services. These communications and services have aroused great interest as potential elements of future intelligent transportation systems.

The Internet of Vehicles promotes communication and interaction between vehicle charging technologies, infrastructure, pedestrians and networks. But these advanced communication systems bring a larger attack area for cyberattacks and disrupt the existing ecosystem, which can lead to serious consequences.

(Internet of Vehicles Communication System)

In the entire autonomous driving ecosystem, Internet of Vehicles communication Responsible for the transmission of edge data between various parts of the transportation system requires multiple communication channels between these edge sensors and other infrastructure. These multiple communication channels make vehicles vulnerable to cyberattacks, which can have severe impacts not only on the vehicle, but also on other connected devices. The increase in the number of connected devices can make these cyberattacks unpredictable and more frequent.

Many different entry points can be used to penetrate the vehicle architecture, including vehicle databases, telematics technology, and vehicle components. In recent years, researchers have focused their attention on vehicular ad hoc networks, which use dedicated short-range communication technology based on the IEEE802.11p standard for wireless access in vehicle networks. Another communication protocol used in connected car communications is mobile cellular networks using long-term evolution technology.

One of the most common Internet of Vehicles communication-related attacks is the vehicle mobile communication network. Since 2008, the vehicle mobile communication network has been widely studied to analyze the external wireless communication of the vehicle system. Transmission security issues. Some of the known attacks on automotive mobile communication networks are man-in-the-middle attacks, disinformation attacks, DoS, location tracking, malicious code, and replay attacks. Another known attack on autonomous vehicles using telematics communications is against the infotainment system and Bluetooth data transmission.

(Security Challenges of Vehicle Mobile Communication Networks)

# As explained in an authoritative industry magazine As such, a three-layer framework can be used to understand the different parts of a self-driving car and how they can be attacked by hackers:

• The sensing layer consists of continuous monitoring of vehicle dynamics and surroundings Environmental sensors. These edge sensors are vulnerable to eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing attacks.
• The communication layer consists of near-field and far-field communications to facilitate communication between other nearby edge sensors and distant edge data centers, which leads to attacks such as indirect and forged information.
• The control layer at the top of the hierarchy implements autonomous driving functions, such as automatically controlling the vehicle's speed, braking, and steering. Attacks on the sensing and communication layers can propagate upward, affecting functionality and compromising the security of the control layer.

Integrated Cyber Defense

Develops defense solutions to combat increasing cyberattacks on electric vehicles, now works as a security engineer focus areas of research. In order to introduce technological improvements that build autonomous driving software and hardware capabilities, integrated defense mechanisms become an important parameter in the design process. Possible cybersecurity solutions are discussed below.

The electronic control unit is the core of the vehicle processing and communicating data. Information received from the electronic control unit is encrypted to prevent injection and indirect attacks. Recent research shows that encryption and vehicle authentication can be used to prevent spoofing, tampering, masquerading and replay attacks during communications between edge data centers and vehicles.

Specialized intrusion detection systems are required to continuously monitor network systems and detect possible network attacks. To detect network attacks, traditional intrusion detection systems rely on firewalls, or rule-based systems, but cannot effectively detect complex automotive attacks because time series, vehicle network data do not capture complex dependencies. Since edge sensors in vehicles can be used for communication between electronic control units and external systems, AI-based solutions can be used to parse vehicle network data.

(Defense mechanism of self-driving cars)

Blockchain technology can be used for Internet of Vehicles communications , to facilitate the secure transmission of essential safety information between vehicle systems and the cloud. Blockchain technology provides a decentralized mechanism that allows vehicles to verify the data they receive in a trustless manner. The technology can help establish secure connections between vehicles and payment gateways for faster fuel purchases, transactions at toll plazas and even selling sensor data.

As cyberattacks on the automotive industry increase, defense methods must also come under constant scrutiny. The security technology of CAN network, the security of authentication protocol, and the security of intrusion detection system have always been hot spots of research. In the future, the combination of artificial intelligence and big data analysis will be considered to improve defense methods and propose future-oriented security models.

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