How to optimize golang

With the rapid popularity of Golang in recent years, more and more developers have begun to choose Golang to develop projects because it is easy to learn, has high operating efficiency, and also has excellent concurrency performance, which has certain advantages. However, in actual development, Golang also has some performance bottlenecks that need to be optimized. In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into how to optimize Golang.

1. Understand the performance bottlenecks of Golang

Before optimizing Golang, we first need to understand what these performance bottlenecks are. The following are some performance bottlenecks of Golang:

1. Garbage Collection (GC): Golang uses an automatic garbage collection mechanism, which is a very convenient feature, but when the program size is large, the efficiency of GC It will gradually become lower and become the bottleneck of the program.
2. Memory allocation: Golang will frequently allocate and recycle memory, and this process is very time-consuming, so we need to avoid excessive memory allocation operations.
3. Non-inline function call: Function call in Golang takes a certain amount of time, especially when the function is a non-inline function, this consumption will be more obvious.
4. Coroutine switching: Using coroutines in Golang is a very common operation, but during the process of coroutine switching, the system needs to save and restore the state of the thread, and this cost is also very high.
5. Overhead caused by data copy: In Golang, since the transfer of variables between functions is due to value copying, when we need to transfer large structures or data collections, it will bring greater overhead Performance overhead.

2. Methods to optimize Golang

1. Reduce the number of garbage collections

When we need to avoid excessive garbage collection frequency of the program, You can try the following methods:

(1) Use sync.Pool to cache small objects that need to be allocated frequently, so that when memory is recycled, these small objects can be directly obtained from the cache instead of reallocated.

(2) Use local variables and pointers as much as possible, because they will be automatically released after the function exits and will not occupy garbage collected memory resources.

(3) Avoid using a large number of temporary variables, because these variables may be allocated to new memory space, causing a lot of garbage.

2. Processing memory allocation

(1) Use fixed-space data structures as much as possible: In Golang, array is a data type with fixed space size. The memory size occupied is fixed, so the memory allocation call time can be reduced by using an array.

(2) Use sync.Pool mechanism: This mechanism can cache objects that do not need to be used into a temporary object pool. When they need to be used, they can be obtained directly from the object pool.

(3) Use the bytes.Buffer type provided by the standard library: the bytes.Buffer type is a buffer. The buffer can provide a memory area for storing data. It can dynamically adjust the size of the memory. without significantly affecting the running efficiency of the program.

3. Reduce non-inline function calls

If we want to reduce the time of function calls, we can take the following method:

(1) Use function literals and closures: Function literals and closures can include a function in the code block of another function, and can return a new function object, making the execution of the function more efficient.

(2) Replace function or interface parameters with pointers: Using pointers in function or interface parameters can reduce the time of function calls.

(3) Use func as the return value type to implement the function factory: In Go, the function itself can also be used as a value. We can define the function as the return value type to implement the function factory, so that Function calls are faster and more flexible.

4. Reduce the cost of coroutine switching

Using coroutines in Golang can easily implement concurrent programming, but coroutine switching will also bring certain problems to the program. Performance overhead. In order to reduce this overhead, you can try the following methods:

(1) Reduce the number of Golang coroutines: The more the total number of coroutines, the more coroutine switching times, so we need to reduce it as much as possible The number of coroutines.

(2) Coroutine communication through chan and select mechanisms: Normally, we can achieve communication between coroutines through chan and select mechanisms. This method avoids excessive coroutine switching. .

5. Reduce the overhead of data copy

In order to avoid the performance overhead caused by data copy, we can take the following methods:

(1) Use pointers Passing large data structures

(2) Use slices instead of array transfers: In go, the essence of a slice is a dynamic array, so the performance problems caused by array copying can be avoided.

(3) Use pointers to point to data structures as much as possible instead of value copies

3. Conclusion

The above are some of our ways to optimize Golang, although There are many ways to optimize Golang, but make sure the method you choose is realistic. By optimizing Golang, we can greatly improve the performance of the code, thereby better taking advantage of Golang and improving the quality of the code.

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