Learn about Python encoding and Unicode

I'm sure there are a lot of instructions about Unicode and Python, but in order to facilitate my own understanding and use, I still plan to write a few more things about them.

Byte stream vs Unicode object

Let’s first define a string in Python. When you use the string type, you actually store a byte string.

[ a ][ b ][ c ] = "abc" [ 97 ][ 98 ][ 99 ] = "abc"

In this example, the string abc is a byte string. 97., 98, and 99 are ASCII codes. The definition in Python 2.x is to treat all strings as ASCII. Unfortunately, ASCII is the least common standard among the Latin character sets.

ASCII uses the first 127 numbers for character mapping. Character maps like windows-1252 and UTF-8 have the same first 127 characters. It is safe to mix string encodings when the value of each byte in your string is less than 127. However, there is a danger in making this assumption, as will be discussed below.

Problems will arise when there are bytes in your string with a value greater than 126. Let's look at a string encoded in windows-1252. The character mapping in Windows-1252 is an 8-bit character mapping, so there will be a total of 256 characters. The first 127 are the same as ASCII, and the next 127 are other characters defined by windows-1252.

A windows-1252 encoded string looks like this: [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 150 ] = "abc–"

Windows-1252 is still a byte string, but did you see that the value of the last byte is greater than 126? If Python tries to decode this byte stream using the default ASCII standard, it will report an error. Let’s see what happens when Python decodes this string:

>>> x = "abc" + chr(150) >>> print repr(x) 'abc\x96' >>> u"Hello" + x Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? UnicodeDecodeError: 'ASCII' codec can't decode byte 0x96 in position 3: ordinal not in range(128)

Let’s use UTF-8 to encode another string:

A UTF-8 encoded string looks like this: [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 226 ] [ 128 ] [ 147 ] = "abc–" [0x61] [0x62] [0x63] [0xe2] [ 0x80] [ 0x93] = "abc-"

If you pick up the Unicode encoding table that you are familiar with, you will find that the Unicode code point corresponding to the English dash is 8211 (0×2013). This value is greater than the ASCII maximum value of 127. A value larger than one byte can store. Because 8211 (0×2013) is two bytes, UTF-8 must use some tricks to tell the system that it takes three bytes to store one character. Let's look at when Python is going to use the default ASCII to encode a UTF-8 encoded string with a character value greater than 126.

>>> x = "abc\xe2\x80\x93" >>> print repr(x) 'abc\xe2\x80\x93' >>> u"Hello" + x Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? UnicodeDecodeError: 'ASCII' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 3: ordinal not in range(128)

As you can see, Python has always used ASCII encoding by default. When it processes the 4th character, Python throws an error because its value is 226 which is greater than 126. This is the problem with mixed encoding.

Decoding byte stream

When first learning Python Unicode, the term decoding can be confusing. You can decode a byte stream into a Unicode object and encode a Unicode object into a byte stream.

Python needs to know how to decode a byte stream into a Unicode object. When you get a byte stream, you call its "decode" method to create a Unicode object from it.

You'd better decode the byte stream to Unicode as early as possible.

>>> x = "abc\xe2\x80\x93" >>> x = x.decode("utf-8") >>> print type(x)  >>> y = "abc" + chr(150) >>> y = y.decode("windows-1252") >>> print type(y) >>> print x + y abc–abc–

Encoding Unicode into a byte stream

A Unicode object is an encoding-agnostic representation of a text. You can't simply output a Unicode object. It must be turned into a byte string before output. Python would be well-suited for this kind of work, although Python defaults to ASCII when encoding Unicode into a byte stream. This default behavior can be the cause of a lot of headaches.

>>> u = u"abc\u2013" >>> print u Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\u2013' in position 3: ordinal not in range(128) >>> print u.encode("utf-8") abc–

Using codecs module

The codecs module can provide great help when processing byte streams. You can open files with the defined encoding and the content you read from the file will be automatically converted to Unicode objects.

Try this:

>>> import codecs >>> fh = codecs.open("/tmp/utf-8.txt", "w", "utf-8") >>> fh.write(u"\u2013") >>> fh.close()

What it does is get a Unicode object and write it to the file in UTF-8 encoding. You can use it in other situations as well.

Try this:

When reading data from a file, codecs.open will create a file object that can automatically convert the UTF-8 encoded file into a Unicode object.

Let’s continue the example above, this time using urllib streams.

>>> stream = urllib.urlopen("http://www.google.com") >>> Reader = codecs.getreader("utf-8") >>> fh = Reader(stream) >>> type(fh.read(1))  >>> Reader 

Single line version:

>>> fh = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(urllib.urlopen("http://www.google.com")) >>> type(fh.read(1))

You have to be very careful with codecs modules. What you pass in must be a Unicode object, otherwise it will automatically decode the byte stream as ASCII.

>>> x = "abc\xe2\x80\x93" # our "abc-" utf-8 string >>> fh = codecs.open("/tmp/foo.txt", "w", "utf-8") >>> fh.write(x) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/codecs.py", line 638, in write return self.writer.write(data) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/codecs.py", line 303, in write data, consumed = self.encode(object, self.errors) UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 3: ordinal not in range(128)

Ouch, Python started using ASCII to decode everything again.

The problem of slicing UTF-8 byte stream

Because a UTF-8 encoded string is a list of bytes, len() and slicing operations do not work properly. First use the string we used before.

[ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 226 ] [ 128 ] [ 147 ] = "abc–"

Next do the following:

>>> my_utf8 = "abc–" >>> print len(my_utf8) 6

What? It looks like 4 characters, but the result of len says it's 6. Because len counts the number of bytes rather than the number of characters.

>>> print repr(my_utf8) 'abc\xe2\x80\x93'

Now let's split this string.

>>> my_utf8[-1] # Get the last char '\x93'

Let me go, the segmentation result is the last byte, not the last character.

In order to correctly segment UTF-8, you'd better decode the byte stream to create a Unicode object. Then you can operate and count safely.

>>> my_unicode = my_utf8.decode("utf-8") >>> print repr(my_unicode) u'abc\u2013' >>> print len(my_unicode) 4 >>> print my_unicode[-1] –

When Python automatically encodes/decodes

In some cases, errors will be thrown when Python automatically encodes/decodes using ASCII.

　　第一个案例是当它试着将Unicode和字节串合并在一起的时候。

>>> u"" + u"\u2019".encode("utf-8") Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

　　在合并列表的时候会发生同样的情况。Python在列表里有string和Unicode对象的时候会自动地将字节串解码为Unicode。

>>> ",".join([u"This string\u2019s unicode", u"This string\u2019s utf-8".encode("utf-8")]) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 11: ordinal not in range(128)

　　或者当试着格式化一个字节串的时候：

>>> "%s\n%s" % (u"This string\u2019s unicode", u"This string\u2019s utf-8".encode("utf-8"),) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 11: ordinal not in range(128)

　　基本上当你把Unicode和字节串混在一起用的时候，就会导致出错。

　　在这个例子里面，你创建一个utf-8文件，然后往里面添加一些Unicode对象的文本。就会报UnicodeDecodeError错误。

>>> buffer = [] >>> fh = open("utf-8-sample.txt") >>> buffer.append(fh.read()) >>> fh.close() >>> buffer.append(u"This string\u2019s unicode") >>> print repr(buffer) ['This file\xe2\x80\x99s got utf-8 in it\n', u'This string\u2019s unicode'] >>> print "\n".join(buffer) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 9: ordinal not in range(128)

　　你可以使用codecs模块把文件作为Unicode加载来解决这个问题。

>>> import codecs >>> buffer = [] >>> fh = open("utf-8-sample.txt", "r", "utf-8") >>> buffer.append(fh.read()) >>> fh.close() >>> print repr(buffer) [u'This file\u2019s got utf-8 in it\n', u'This string\u2019s unicode'] >>> buffer.append(u"This string\u2019s unicode") >>> print "\n".join(buffer) This file’s got utf-8 in it This string’s unicode

　　正如你看到的，由codecs.open 创建的流在当数据被读取的时候自动地将比特串转化为Unicode。

　　最佳实践

　　1．最先解码，最后编码

　　2．默认使用utf-8编码

　　3．使用codecs和Unicode对象来简化处理

　　最先解码意味着无论何时有字节流输入，需要尽早将输入解码为Unicode。这会防止出现len( )和切分utf-8字节流发生问题。

　　最后编码意味着只有在准备输入的时候才进行编码。这个输出可能是一个文件，一个数据库，一个socket等等。只有在处理完成之后才编码unicode对象。最后编码也意味着，不要让Python为你编码Unicode对象。Python将会使用ASCII编码，你的程序会崩溃。

　　默认使用UTF-8编码意味着：因为UTF-8可以处理任何Unicode字符，所以你最好用它来替代windows-1252和ASCII。

　　codecs模块能够让我们在处理诸如文件或socket这样的流的时候能少踩一些坑。如果没有codecs提供的这个工具，你就必须将文件内容读取为字节流，然后将这个字节流解码为Unicode对象。

　　codecs模块能够让你快速的将字节流转化为Unicode对象，省去很多麻烦。

　　解释UTF-8

　　最后的部分是让你能入门UTF-8，如果你是个超级极客可以无视这一段。

　　利用UTF-8，任何在127和255之间的字节是特别的。这些字节告诉系统这些字节是多字节序列的一部分。

Our UTF-8 encoded string looks like this: [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 226 ] [ 128 ] [ 147 ] = "abc–"

　　最后3字节是一个UTF-8多字节序列。如果你把这三个字节里的第一个转化为2进制可以看到以下的结果：

11100010

　　前3比特告诉系统它开始了一个3字节序列226，128，147。

　　那么完整的字节序列。

11100010 10000000 10010011

　　然后你运用三字节序列的下面的掩码。

1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx XXXX0010 XX000000 XX010011 Remove the X's 0010 000000 010011 Collapse the numbers 00100000 00010011 Get Unicode number 0x2013, 8211 The "–"

　　这是基本的UTF-8入门，如果想知道更多的细节，可以去看UTF-8的维基页面。

　　原文链接： ERIC MORITZ 翻译： 伯乐在线 - 贱圣OMG

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