Summary introduction to using NumPy methods-Python Tutorial-php.cn

Summary introduction to using NumPy methods

高洛峰

Release： 2017-03-19 16:55:09

Original

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NumPy is an open source numerical computing extension for Python. This tool can be used to store and process large matrices and is much more efficient than Python's own nested list structure (which can also be used to represent matrices). NumPy (Numeric Python) provides many advanced numerical programming tools, such as: matrixdata type, vector processing, and sophisticated operation libraries. Built for rigorous number crunching. It is mostly used by many large financial companies, as well as core scientific computing organizations such as Lawrence Livermore, and NASA uses it to handle some tasks that were originally done using C++, Fortran or Matlab.

The data type in numpy, ndarray type, is different from array.array in the standard library.

Creation of ndarray

>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([2,3,4])
>>> a
array([2, 3, 4])
>>> a.dtype
dtype('int64')
>>> b = np.array([1.2, 3.5, 5.1])
>>> b.dtype
dtype('float64')

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Two-dimensional array

>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)])
>>> b
array([[ 1.5,  2. ,  3. ],
       [ 4. ,  5. ,  6. ]])

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Specify the type when creating

>>> c = np.array( [ [1,2], [3,4] ], dtype=complex )
>>> c
array([[ 1.+0.j,  2.+0.j],
       [ 3.+0.j,  4.+0.j]])

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Create some special matrices

>>> np.zeros( (3,4) )
array([[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]])
>>> np.ones( (2,3,4), dtype=np.int16 )                # dtype can also be specified
array([[[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1]],
       [[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1]]], dtype=int16)
>>> np.empty( (2,3) )                                 # uninitialized, output may vary
array([[  3.73603959e-262,   6.02658058e-154,   6.55490914e-260],
       [  5.30498948e-313,   3.14673309e-307,   1.00000000e+000]])

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Create some matrices with specific rules

>>> np.arange( 10, 30, 5 )
array([10, 15, 20, 25])
>>> np.arange( 0, 2, 0.3 )                 # it accepts float arguments
array([ 0. ,  0.3,  0.6,  0.9,  1.2,  1.5,  1.8])
>>> from numpy import pi
>>> np.linspace( 0, 2, 9 )                 # 9 numbers from 0 to 2
array([ 0.  ,  0.25,  0.5 ,  0.75,  1.  ,  1.25,  1.5 ,  1.75,  2.  ])
>>> x = np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 100 )        # useful to evaluate function at lots of points
>>> f = np.sin(x)

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Some basic operations

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division trigonometricFunctionLogical operations

>>> a = np.array( [20,30,40,50] )
>>> b = np.arange( 4 )
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> c = a-b
>>> c
array([20, 29, 38, 47])
>>> b**2
array([0, 1, 4, 9])
>>> 10*np.sin(a)
array([ 9.12945251, -9.88031624,  7.4511316 , -2.62374854])
>>> a<35
array([ True, True, False, False], dtype=bool)

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Matrix operations

In matlab, there are .*,./, etc.

But in numpy, if you use +, -, ×,/, the priority is to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division between each point. Method

If two matrices (square matrices) can both perform operations between elements and perform matrix operations, the operations between elements will be performed first.

>>> import numpy as np
>>> A = np.arange(10,20)
>>> B = np.arange(20,30)
>>> A + B
array([30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48])
>>> A * B
array([200, 231, 264, 299, 336, 375, 416, 459, 504, 551])
>>> A / B
array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
>>> B / A
array([2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

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If matrix operations need to be performed, Generally, it is matrix multiplication operation

>>> A = np.array([1,1,1,1])
>>> B = np.array([2,2,2,2])
>>> A.reshape(2,2)
array([[1, 1],
       [1, 1]])
>>> B.reshape(2,2)
array([[2, 2],
       [2, 2]])
>>> A * B
array([2, 2, 2, 2])
>>> np.dot(A,B)
8
>>> A.dot(B)
8

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Some commonly usedglobal functions

>>> B = np.arange(3)
>>> B
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> np.exp(B)
array([ 1.        ,  2.71828183,  7.3890561 ])
>>> np.sqrt(B)
array([ 0.        ,  1.        ,  1.41421356])
>>> C = np.array([2., -1., 4.])
>>> np.add(B, C)
array([ 2.,  0.,  6.])

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Matrix index slice traversal

>>> a = np.arange(10)**3
>>> a
array([  0,   1,   8,  27,  64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729])
>>> a[2]
8
>>> a[2:5]
array([ 8, 27, 64])
>>> a[:6:2] = -1000    # equivalent to a[0:6:2] = -1000; from start to position 6, exclusive, set every 2nd element to -1000
>>> a
array([-1000,     1, -1000,    27, -1000,   125,   216,   343,   512,   729])
>>> a[ : :-1]                                 # reversed a
array([  729,   512,   343,   216,   125, -1000,    27, -1000,     1, -1000])
>>> for i in a:
...     print(i**(1/3.))
...
nan
1.0
nan
3.0
nan
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0

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Matrix traversal

>>> import numpy as np
>>> b = np.arange(16).reshape(4, 4)
>>> for row in b:
...  print(row)
... 
[0 1 2 3]
[4 5 6 7]
[ 8  9 10 11]
[12 13 14 15]
>>> for node in b.flat:
...  print(node)
... 
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

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Special operations of matrices

Change the shape of the matrix--reshape

>>> a = np.floor(10 * np.random.random((3,4)))
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a.ravel()
array([ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.,  5.,  5.,  8.,  9.,  5.,  5.,  9.,  7.])
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])

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The difference between resize and reshape

resize will change the original matrix, but reshape will not

>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a.reshape(2,-1)
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.,  5.,  5.],
       [ 8.,  9.,  5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a.resize(2,6)
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.,  5.,  5.],
       [ 8.,  9.,  5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])

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Matrix merge

>>> a = np.floor(10*np.random.random((2,2)))
>>> a
array([[ 8.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  0.]])
>>> b = np.floor(10*np.random.random((2,2)))
>>> b
array([[ 1.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  4.]])
>>> np.vstack((a,b))
array([[ 8.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  0.],
       [ 1.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  4.]])
>>> np.hstack((a,b))
array([[ 8.,  8.,  1.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  4.]])

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