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c What are the differences between the three implementation methods of multithreading

Apr 03, 2025 pm 03:03 PM
windows operating system the difference Synchronization mechanism c多线程

Multithreading is an important technology in computer programming and is used to improve program execution efficiency. In C, there are many ways to implement multithreading, including thread libraries, POSIX threads, and Windows API.

c What are the differences between the three implementation methods of multithreading

Three implementation methods and differences of multithreading

Multithreading provides a concurrent programming mechanism that allows multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously in a single process. There are three main multithreaded implementations:

1. Operating system threads

  • Managed by the operating system kernel
  • Each thread has its own stack, register and kernel state
  • Provides the lowest level of concurrency control to directly interact with the hardware
  • Lowest overhead, best performance
  • Tightly coupled to the operating system, limited availability

2. User-level threading

  • Managed by the user space library
  • Each thread has its own stack, sharing other resources (e.g. registers)
  • The overhead is higher than the operating system thread, but still lighter than the process
  • Provides more flexible concurrency control, allowing custom scheduling and synchronization mechanisms
  • Independent from the operating system, more portable

3. Coroutine

  • Coroutines are lightweight threads managed by applications rather than operating systems or user space libraries.
  • Each coroutine has its own stack, sharing other resources (e.g. registers)
  • The lowest overhead is the best performance, but the application requires the scheduling and synchronization mechanism
  • Provides the highest concurrency control, allowing for extremely fine-grained collaborative tasks

the difference

feature Operating system threads User-level threads Coroutine
manage Operating system kernel User Space Library app
Overhead lowest medium Highest
performance optimal good optimal
Concurrent control standard flexible Extremely fine-grained
Coupling with the operating system close Loose independent
portability Restricted Higher Highest

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