What are the Best Practices for Escaping Strings in JSON?

JSON String Escaping Best Practices

When manually creating JSON data, escaping string fields is crucial. This prevents errors and ensures data integrity. Options include StringEscapeUtilities.escapeHtml and java.net.URLEncoder, but these come with limitations.

The ideal solution is to leverage a JSON library that handles escaping automatically. However, if that's not feasible, adhere to the JSON specification (RFC) for correct escaping.

Required Escapes

According to RFC 7159, the characters that must be escaped are:

• , representing the escape character
• ", representing double quotes
• Control codes (ASCII values less than 0x20)

Escape Format

Escapes should be expressed in the following format:

• uXXXX, where XXXX is the UTF-16 code unit of the character being escaped
• Shortcuts are available, such as \ for the backslash character

Additional Notes

JSON escaping is based on JavaScript, which uses UTF-16 code units. For code points outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), surrogate pairs are encoded using uXXXX. However, the RFC specifies that characters outside the BMP can be represented directly as JSON allows Unicode text encoding.

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