Item Make defensive copies when necessary

"You should program defensively, assuming that clients of your class will do their best to destroy its invariants"

Java as a safe language:

• Java prevents common memory errors in C/C++, but does not fully isolate classes from unwanted interactions with other classes.
• Defensive programming is required, assuming that clients of the class may attempt to violate its invariants.

Immutable classes and security:

• Example of class "Period" that appears immutable but can be corrupted due to the mutability of objects such as Date.
• Solution: Make defensive copies of mutable parameters when receiving them in the constructor.

public Period(Date start, Date end) { this.start = new Date(start.getTime()); // Cópia defensiva this.end = new Date(end.getTime()); if (this.start.compareTo(this.end) > 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException(start + " after " + end); }

Defensive copies in builders:

• Defensive copies must be made before validating parameters to avoid vulnerabilities (e.g. TOCTOU attack).
• Avoid using clone() for defensive copies of potentially untrusted objects, preferring static constructors or factory methods.

Getters and mutability:

• Issue: Getters can expose mutable internal components, allowing external mutations.
• Solution: Getters should return defensive copies of mutable objects.

public Date getStart() { return new Date(start.getTime()); // Cópia defensiva }

Application to mutable classes:

• Defensive copying also applies to mutable classes that store references to client-supplied mutable objects.
• Example: When storing an object in a Set or Map, one must consider whether the object can be modified later.

Return of internal components:

• When returning mutable internals, consider returning defensive copies or immutable views.

Use of immutable objects:

• Whenever possible, use immutable objects as internal components to avoid the need for defensive copies.

Costs and alternatives:

• Defensive copies can impact performance; Alternatives include relying on documentation or clear usage agreements.
• In cases of explicit transfer of control, such as in design patterns (e.g. wrapper), defensive copy can be dispensed with.

Conclusion:

• Use defensive copies to protect the integrity of classes, except when the cost is impractical or mutual trust is established and clear documentation is required.

Examples from the book:

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