SSD goes from efficient storage to the edge of failure. Several warning signs you need to know

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Release: 2024-08-22 18:58:15
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In pursuit of an efficient and stable storage experience, solid-state drives (SSDs) are undoubtedly the ideal choice. Its excellent performance can protect data access for a long time. However, SSD is not perfect. The write and erase cycle limitations of its core component, NAND flash memory, indicate that its performance will gradually decay over time, until it may eventually face the risk of failure.

SSD 从高效存储走到失效边缘 你需知道的几大警示信号

How to accurately evaluate the life of SSD?

What are the key factors that invisibly affect its durability? More importantly, when an SSD is approaching the end of its life, can we tell in advance through some telltale signs?

How long is the lifespan of an SSD?

Generally speaking, a high-quality SSD can work stably for five to ten years if used properly. However, this time frame is not absolute and is affected by a combination of factors.

SSD 从高效存储走到失效边缘 你需知道的几大警示信号

1. Factors affecting SSD lifespan
  • NAND flash memory types

    • SLC: Highest durability and speed, but the highest cost
    • MLC: Lower durability and speed, lower cost
    • TLC: Lower durability and speed, lower cost
    • QLC: Lowest durability and speed, lowest cost
  • Workload and usage frequency

    • High intensity workload and frequent use will shorten the lifespan
    • Data center: A large number of read and write operations
    • Personal computer: Less frequent usage
  1. The impact of time on SSD life

    • Time itself will gradually degrade the SSD
    • Usage is directly related to lifespan Relevance challenged
  2. SSD replacement rate in data center

    • SSD replacement rate is lower than HDD
    • SSD is more prone to uncorrectable errors and bad blocks, but does not necessarily lead to complete failure

      SSD 从高效存储走到失效边缘 你需知道的几大警示信号

      SSD Reliability: Backblaze Study

Cloud storage and backup company Backblaze provides valuable data on SSD reliability. In Backblaze's report, the company experienced a total of 63 SSD failures.

Based on the analysis of the power-on hours (POH) of these SSDs, they calculated that the average failure age of SSDs is 14 months. But this data needs to be interpreted with caution as it can be misleading. Because the average age of Backblaze's entire SSD fleet is only 25 months. This suggests that as the SSD fleet ages, the average age of SSDs at the time of failure is expected to increase in the future.

Challenges of SSD Lifetime Prediction

Accurately predicting the lifespan of SSDs is extremely challenging because most current research focuses on data center environments rather than consumer-grade SSDs. Measuring the exact average lifespan of consumer-grade SSDs is particularly difficult because of the numerous other variables involved in addition to the time factor, although time is considered the most important of these.

Factors affecting SSD lifespan

Although the lifespan evaluation of SSDs is complicated, manufacturers usually provide several key indicators to help us understand its durability:

  • Total Bytes Written (TBW)
  • Drive Writes Per Day (DWPD)
  • Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)

Together these metrics give us a framework of how well an SSD can work and expect to live before the risk of failure increases significantly.

SSD 从高效存储走到失效边缘 你需知道的几大警示信号

SSD Performance Metrics

1. TBW (Total Bytes Written):
Measures the total amount of written data that an SSD can withstand before it wears out to failure. High TBW values ​​represent greater durability. Assuming only 100GB of data is written per day, a nominal 1,200TB TBW SSD could last up to 230 years.

2. DWPD (Drive Writes Per Day):
Reflects the percentage of the SSD’s total capacity that can be safely written to every day during the warranty period. Take the Samsung 990 Pro 2TB SSD, for example, which comes with a five-year warranty of 0.3 DWPD, meaning about 600GB of data can be written per day.

3. MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures):
A time unit that measures SSD reliability, indicating the number of hours the SSD is expected to operate without failure under normal operating conditions. The Samsung 990 Pro has an MTBF of up to 1.5 million hours, or about 171 years.

SSD 从高效存储走到失效边缘 你需知道的几大警示信号

SSD Lifetime Assessment
  1. TWB and DWPD Estimation

    • TBW (Total Bytes Written) and DWPD (Writes Per Day) provide an estimate of the SSD lifespan.
  2. Influencing factors

    • NANDフラッシュの種類
    • ワークロード
    • 使用頻度
    • 周囲温度
    • ファームウェア管理
  3. 経年の影響

    • NANDフラッシュメモリの酸化層は時間の経過とともに劣化します。 SSD の磨耗増加。
  4. 保証期間

    • ほとんどの SSD には 3 ~ 5 年の限定保証が付いていますが、保証期間後の SSD の寿命は、ビルドの品質、使用条件、運によって異なります。

SSDタイプの違いの影響

  1. 統一規格の欠如

    • SSDごとに使用されるNANDフラッシュメモリのタイプは大きく異なり、その寿命に影響を与えます。

SSDと他のストレージメディアの比較

  1. NANDフラッシュテクノロジー

    • NANDフラッシュメモリは、電源が遮断されてもデータを保持する不揮発性フラッシュメモリの一種です。
  2. HDDとの違い

    • SSDはNANDフラッシュメモリを使用するのに対し、HDDは回転する磁気プラッターを使用してデータを保存します。 SSD は速度と安定性の点で HDD よりも優れています。

SSD障害の兆候

  1. パフォーマンス低下

    • SSD障害が発生する前に、コンピューターのパフォーマンスが急激に低下し、起動アプリケーションまたはシステムの応答時間が長くなります。
  2. 異常なディスク使用量

    • SSDに問題がある場合、他のプログラムが実行されていない場合でも、タスクマネージャーに表示されるディスク使用量が異常に増加します。
  3. データバックアップ

    • SSD が完全に故障する前に、ユーザーは時間内に問題を特定し、データの損失を避けるためにデータをバックアップする必要があります。

      SSD 从高效存储走到失效边缘 你需知道的几大警示信号

      SSD障害の一般的な警告兆候
  4. 頻繁にシステムがクラッシュする(特に起動中)
  5. SSDが誤って読み取り専用状態になり、データ書き込み操作が制限される
  6. ファイルシステムエラーが頻繁に発生し、データの整合性とアクセシビリティに影響する
  7. パフォーマンスが大幅に低下し、日常の動作が遅くなります
  8. データ破損のリスクが高まり、ファイルが正しく読み取れなくなったり、正しく開かれなくなる可能性があります
  9. システムの根底にある重大な問題を示すブルースクリーン(BSOD)現象
  10. システム応答しないか頻繁にフリーズし、通常のワークフローを妨げます
  11. データブロックの破損、セクターの再割り当て、その他の主要な健全性指標の異常などのSMART (自己監視、分析、レポート技術) 警告

最後に記載

SSD の損傷によって起こり得る深刻な結果、つまりデータの完全な損失を考慮して、データを定期的にバックアップすることが重要です。同時に、問題の初期段階で対策を講じることができるように、SSD の健康状態を定期的にチェックする習慣を身に付けることも同様に重要です。障害の兆候が発見されたら、全員が直ちにデータの移行を開始し、データのセキュリティと安定したシステム動作を確保するために新しい SSD への交換の準備をする必要があります。

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source:myzaker.com
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