在java开发中,我们经常需要处理来自外部服务或文件中的json数据。当json数组中包含不同类型但有继承关系的java对象时,例如一个包含car和truck(truck继承自car)实例的数组,并尝试将其反序列化为list<car>时,jackson的默认行为可能会导致问题。
考虑以下Java类结构:
public class Car { private String make; private String model; private short year; private String bodyStyle; private String engineType; private int horsepower; // 省略setter和getter // 为了演示,添加一个toString方法 @Override public String toString() { return "Car{" + "make='" + make + '\'' + ", model='" + model + '\'' + ", year=" + year + ", bodyStyle='" + bodyStyle + '\'' + ", engineType='" + engineType + '\'' + ", horsepower=" + horsepower + '}'; } // 构造函数 public Car() {} public Car(String make, String model, short year, String bodyStyle, String engineType, int horsepower) { this.make = make; this.model = model; this.year = year; this.bodyStyle = bodyStyle; this.engineType = engineType; this.horsepower = horsepower; } // Getters and Setters public String getMake() { return make; } public void setMake(String make) { this.make = make; } public String getModel() { return model; } public void setModel(String model) { this.model = model; } public short getYear() { return year; } public void setYear(short year) { this.year = year; } public String getBodyStyle() { return bodyStyle; } public void setBodyStyle(String bodyStyle) { this.bodyStyle = bodyStyle; } public String getEngineType() { return engineType; } public void setEngineType(String engineType) { this.engineType = engineType; } public int getHorsepower() { return horsepower; } public void setHorsepower(int horsepower) { this.horsepower = horsepower; } } public class Truck extends Car { private double maxLoad; private double clearance; // 省略setter和getter // 为了演示,添加一个toString方法 @Override public String toString() { return "Truck{" + "make='" + getMake() + '\'' + ", model='" + getModel() + '\'' + ", year=" + getYear() + ", bodyStyle='" + getBodyStyle() + '\'' + ", engineType='" + getEngineType() + '\'' + ", horsepower=" + getHorsepower() + ", maxLoad=" + maxLoad + ", clearance=" + clearance + '}'; } // 构造函数 public Truck() {} public Truck(String make, String model, short year, String bodyStyle, String engineType, int horsepower, double maxLoad, double clearance) { super(make, model, year, bodyStyle, engineType, horsepower); this.maxLoad = maxLoad; this.clearance = clearance; } // Getters and Setters public double getMaxLoad() { return maxLoad; } public void setMaxLoad(double maxLoad) { this.maxLoad = maxLoad; } public double getClearance() { return clearance; } public void setClearance(double clearance) { this.clearance = clearance; } }
以及对应的JSON数据示例:
[ { "make": "Ford", "model": "Focus", "year": 2018, "engineType": "T4", "bodyStyle": "hatchback", "horsepower": 225 }, { "make": "Toyota", "model": "Tacoma", "year": 2021, "engineType": "V6", "bodyStyle": "pickup", "horsepower": 278, "maxLoad": 1050, "clearance": 9.4 }, { "make": "Ford", "model": "T150", "year": 2017, "horsepower": 450, "bodyStyle": "pickup", "maxLoad": 2320, "clearance": 8.4 } ]
当我们尝试使用ObjectMapper将上述JSON反序列化为List<Car>时,会遇到com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.exc.UnrecognizedPropertyException异常,因为Car类不包含maxLoad或clearance等Truck特有的属性。Jackson在尝试将一个实际是Truck的JSON对象映射到Car类型时,无法识别这些额外属性。
Jackson提供了强大的多态性反序列化机制,允许根据JSON数据的内容动态地确定要创建的Java对象类型。这主要通过@JsonTypeInfo和@JsonSubTypes这两个注解来实现。
@JsonTypeInfo用于指定多态类型信息的处理方式。在本场景中,我们将使用Id.DEDUCTION策略。
@JsonSubTypes用于列出基类的所有已知子类型。Jackson会根据这些子类型的信息,结合@JsonTypeInfo的策略来执行类型推断。
为了解决上述问题,我们需要在基类Car上添加这两个注解:
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSubTypes; import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonTypeInfo; @JsonTypeInfo(use = JsonTypeInfo.Id.DEDUCTION, defaultImpl = Car.class) @JsonSubTypes({ @JsonSubTypes.Type(value = Truck.class) }) public class Car { private String make; private String model; private short year; private String bodyStyle; private String engineType; private int horsepower; // 省略setter和getter以及toString()和构造函数,同上 // ... } public class Truck extends Car { private double maxLoad; private double clearance; // 省略setter和getter以及toString()和构造函数,同上 // ... }
现在,我们可以使用更新后的Car和Truck类进行反序列化。
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.util.List; public class PolymorphicDeserializationDemo { private static final ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper(); public static void main(String[] args) { // 假设cars.json包含前面提到的JSON数据 InputStream src = PolymorphicDeserializationDemo.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("cars.json"); if (src == null) { System.err.println("Error: cars.json not found in classpath."); return; } try { // 反序列化为List<Car> List<Car> vehicles = mapper.readValue(src, new TypeReference<List<Car>>() {}); System.out.println("Deserialized Vehicles:"); for (Car vehicle : vehicles) { System.out.println("Type: " + vehicle.getClass().getSimpleName() + ", Details: " + vehicle); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { try { if (src != null) { src.close(); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }
运行上述代码,输出将不再是UnrecognizedPropertyException,而是成功地打印出每个对象的实际类型和内容:
Deserialized Vehicles: Type: Car, Details: Car{make='Ford', model='Focus', year=2018, bodyStyle='hatchback', engineType='T4', horsepower=225} Type: Truck, Details: Truck{make='Toyota', model='Tacoma', year=2021, bodyStyle='pickup', engineType='V6', horsepower=278, maxLoad=1050.0, clearance=9.4} Type: Truck, Details: Truck{make='Ford', model='T150', year=2017, bodyStyle='pickup', engineType='null', horsepower=450, maxLoad=2320.0, clearance=8.4}
可以看到,Focus被正确地反序列化为Car类型,而Tacoma和T150则被正确地反序列化为Truck类型,且所有对象都存储在List<Car>中。
当Jackson遇到一个JSON对象时,它会按照以下逻辑进行处理:
这种机制使得Jackson能够智能地处理JSON数据中的多态性,无需在JSON中显式地包含类型标识符(如@class字段),从而保持JSON的简洁性。
通过巧妙地使用Jackson的@JsonTypeInfo和@JsonSubTypes注解,我们可以优雅地解决JSON数组中包含混合继承关系对象时的反序列化问题。Id.DEDUCTION策略结合defaultImpl提供了一种无需修改JSON结构即可实现多态性反序列化的强大方法,使得代码更加健壮和灵活,能够适应不同复杂度的JSON数据场景。理解并掌握这些注解的使用,是高效处理复杂JSON数据结构的关键技能。
以上就是Jackson多态反序列化:处理包含基类与子类的JSON数组的详细内容,更多请关注php中文网其它相关文章!
每个人都需要一台速度更快、更稳定的 PC。随着时间的推移,垃圾文件、旧注册表数据和不必要的后台进程会占用资源并降低性能。幸运的是,许多工具可以让 Windows 保持平稳运行。
Copyright 2014-2025 //m.sbmmt.com/ All Rights Reserved | php.cn | 湘ICP备2023035733号