TarFile.add(name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, *, filter=None)
Add the file name to the archive. name may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, arcname specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting recursive to False. If exclude is given, it must be a function that takes one filename argument and returns a boolean value. Depending on this value the respective file is either excluded (True) or added (False). If filter is specified it must be a keyword argument. It should be a function that takes a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed TarInfo object. If it instead returns None the TarInfo object will be excluded from the archive. See Examples for an example.

利用filter参数设定filter函数，filter函数接收TarInfo对象，在filter函数内判断tarinfo对象的类型和名字，如果不符合要求就不返回传入的对象。

import tarfile
exclude_names = ['proc', 'lost+found', 'mnt', 'sys', 'media']
def filter_func(tarinfo):
    if tarinfo.name in exclude_names and tarinfo.isdir():
        return None
    else:
        return tarinfo
t = tarfile.open("/media/sda7/backup.tgz", "w:gz")
t.add("/", filter=filter_func)

Python tarfile and excludes
参考一下。