您可以使用递归CTE来得到您想要的结果。例如：

with recursive
p as (select 16000.00 as book_value, 0.4 as rate, 5 as total_years),
y (year, book_value_start, rate, depreciation, book_value_end) as (
  select 1, book_value, rate,
    round(rate * book_value, 2),
    book_value - round(rate * book_value, 2)
  from p
 union all
  select
    y.year + 1, y.book_value_end, y.rate,
    round(y.rate * y.book_value_end, 2),
    y.book_value_end - round(y.rate * y.book_value_end, 2)
  from y
  cross join p
  where y.year < p.total_years
)
select * from y order by year

结果：

year  book_value_start  rate  depreciation  book_value_end 
 ----- ----------------- ----- ------------- -------------- 
 1     16000.00          0.4   6400.00       9600.00        
 2     9600.00           0.4   3840.00       5760.00        
 3     5760.00           0.4   2304.00       3456.00        
 4     3456.00           0.4   1382.40       2073.60        
 5     2073.60           0.4   829.44        1244.16

在DB Fiddle上查看运行示例。

注意：所有三个参数在第二行中定义。如果您想要更改起始值、利率或年数，请在那里进行更改。