这是我自己使用的版本，使用方法：

$afterSort = getArraySort($beforeSort, 'chinese', 'SORT_ASC', 'math', 'SORT_ASC');

/**
 * 二维数组排序(数字索引数组将重建索引)
 * @param array $arr 需要排序的数组 二维数组
 * @param string $arg1 排序的键名或字段名
 * @param string $arg2 排序的顺序 SORT_ASC或SORT_DESC
 * @param string $arg3 排序的方法 SORT_REGULAR
 * @return array
 */
function getArraySort($arr, $arg1, $arg2 = "SORT_ASC", $arg3 = "SORT_REGULAR")
{
    if (!is_array($arr) || !$arr)
    {
        return $arr;
    }
    $argcount = func_num_args();
    for ($i = 1; $i < $argcount; $i++)
    {
        $arg = func_get_arg($i);
        if (!preg_match("/SORT_(.*)/i", $arg))
        {
            $keynamelist[] = $arg;
            $sortrule[] = '$' . $arg;
        }
        else
        {
            $sortrule[] = $arg;
        }
    }
    foreach ($arr AS $key => $info)
    {
        foreach ($keynamelist AS $keyname)
        {
            ${$keyname}[$key] = $info[$keyname];
        }
    }
    $evalstring = 'array_multisort(' . join(",", $sortrule) . ',$arr);';
    eval($evalstring);
    return $arr;
}

    $beforeSort = [
        "0"  => ["name" => "张三", "english" => 80, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 50 ],
        "1"  => ["name" => "李四", "english" => 50, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 70 ],
        "2"  => ["name" => "老王", "english" => 30, "chinese" => 50, "math" => 80 ],
    ];
    
    $arr = array();
    foreach($beforeSort as $value) {
        $arr[$value['chinese']][$value['math']] = $value;
    }
    sort($arr);
    
    $result = array();
    foreach($arr as $val) {
        sort($val);
        foreach($val as $vo) {
            $result[] = $vo;
        }
    }
    
    var_dump($result);die;
    

打印结果：

    array(3) {
      [0]=>
      array(4) {
        ["name"]=>
        string(6) "老王"
        ["english"]=>
        int(30)
        ["chinese"]=>
        int(50)
        ["math"]=>
        int(80)
      }
      [1]=>
      array(4) {
        ["name"]=>
        string(6) "张三"
        ["english"]=>
        int(80)
        ["chinese"]=>
        int(60)
        ["math"]=>
        int(50)
      }
      [2]=>
      array(4) {
        ["name"]=>
        string(6) "李四"
        ["english"]=>
        int(50)
        ["chinese"]=>
        int(60)
        ["math"]=>
        int(70)
      }
    }
    
    

可以将数组转为集合，再处理。使用php的集合实现的sort方法，专治各种复杂排序

<?php
//现在需要在数组中按照 chinese 顺序，假如有相同，就按 math 顺序，最后得到的应该是如下的数组：
$beforeSort = [

"0"  => ["name" => "张三", "english" => 80, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 50 ],
"1"  => ["name" => "李四", "english" => 50, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 70 ],
"2"  => ["name" => "老王", "english" => 30, "chinese" => 50, "math" => 80 ],

];

$data_math = array_column($beforeSort,'math');
$data_chinese = array_column($beforeSort,'chinese');
array_multisort($data_chinese,SORT_ASC,$data_math,SORT_ASC,$beforeSort);
print_r($beforeSort);

$beforeSort = [
    "0"  => ["name" => "张三", "english" => 80, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 80 ],
    "1"  => ["name" => "李四", "english" => 50, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 70 ],
    "2"  => ["name" => "老王", "english" => 30, "chinese" => 50, "math" => 80 ],
];

usort($beforeSort, function($a, $b) {
    return [$a['chinese'], $a['math']] <=> [$b['chinese'], $b['math']];
});

var_dump($beforeSort);

///借用楼上哥们答案

usort($beforeSort, function ($a, $b) {
    return [$a['chinese'], $b['math']] <=> [$b['chinese'], $a['math']];
});

对多维数组排序，官方有一个函数可以实现 array_multisort

$beforeSort = [
    "0"  => ["name" => "张三", "english" => 80, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 80 ],
    "1"  => ["name" => "李四", "english" => 50, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 70 ],
    "2"  => ["name" => "老王", "english" => 30, "chinese" => 50, "math" => 80 ]
];

foreach( $beforeSort as $key => $value )
{
    $chinese[$key] = $value['chinese'];
    $math[$key] = $value['math'];
}

array_multisort( $chinese, SORT_ASC, $math, SORT_DESC, $beforeSort );

echo '<pre>';
print_r($beforeSort);

$beforeSort = [

"0"  => ["name" => "张三", "english" => 80, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 50 ],
"1"  => ["name" => "李四", "english" => 50, "chinese" => 60, "math" => 70 ],
"2"  => ["name" => "老王", "english" => 30, "chinese" => 50, "math" => 80 ],

];

foreach ($beforeSort as $key => $value) {

$chinese[$key] =  $value['chinese'];
$math[$key] =  $value['math'];

}
array_multisort($chinese, SORT_ASC, $math, SORT_ASC, $beforeSort);
print_r($beforeSort);