Detaillierte Einführung in Java-Sammlungen Hashtable (Bild und Text)

Integer integ = Iterator iter = table.entrySet().iterator()(iter.hasNext())
{
    Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iter.next()    key = (String)entry.getKey()   integ = (Integer)entry.getValue()}

String key = Integer integ = Iterator iter = table.keySet().iterator()(iter.hasNext()) {
    key = (String)iter.next()    integ = (Integer)table.get(key)}

Integer value = Collection c = table.values()Iterator iter= c.iterator()(iter.hasNext()) 
{
    value = (Integer)iter.next()}

Enumeration enu = table.keys()(enu.hasMoreElements()) 
{
    System.out.println(enu.nextElement())}
Enumeration enu = table.elements()(enu.hasMoreElements()) 
{
    System.out.println(enu.nextElement())}

public class Hello {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        testHashtableAPIs();
    }

    private static void testHashtableAPIs() {
        // 初始化随机种子
        Random r = new Random();
        // 新建Hashtable
        Hashtable table = new Hashtable();
        // 添加操作
        table.put("one", r.nextInt(10));
        table.put("two", r.nextInt(10));
        table.put("three", r.nextInt(10));

        // 打印出table
        System.out.println("table:"+table );

        // 通过Iterator遍历key-value
        Iterator iter = table.entrySet().iterator();
        while(iter.hasNext()) {
            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iter.next();
            System.out.println("next : "+ entry.getKey() +" - "+entry.getValue());
        }

        // Hashtable的键值对个数        
        System.out.println("size:"+table.size());

        // containsKey(Object key) :是否包含键key
        System.out.println("contains key two : "+table.containsKey("two"));
        System.out.println("contains key five : "+table.containsKey("five"));

        // containsValue(Object value) :是否包含值value
        System.out.println("contains value 0 : "+table.containsValue(new Integer(0)));

        // remove(Object key) ： 删除键key对应的键值对
        table.remove("three");

        System.out.println("table:"+table );

        // clear() ： 清空Hashtable
        table.clear();

     // isEmpty() : Hashtable是否为空
        System.out.println((table.isEmpty()?"table is empty":"table is not empty") );
    }

}

table:{two=5, one=4, three=2}
next : two - 5
next : one - 4
next : three - 2
size:3
contains key two : true
contains key five : false
contains value 0 : false
table:{two=5, one=4}
table is empty

Dictionary<> {
Dictionary() {
    }
()()Enumeration<> ()Enumeration<> ()(Object key)(keyvalue)(Object key)}

public class Hashtable<K,V>
        extends Dictionary<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

    /**
     * The hash table data.
     */
    private transient Entry<?,?>[] table;//entry表

    /**
     * The total number of entries in the hash table.
     */
    private transient int count;//entry数据

    /**
     * The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.  (The
     * value of this field is (int)(capacity * loadFactor).)
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int threshold;//阈值

    /**
     * The load factor for the hashtable.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private float loadFactor;//加载因子

    /**
     * The number of times this Hashtable has been structurally modified
     * Structural modifications are those that change the number of entries in
     * the Hashtable or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
     * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
     * the Hashtable fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
     */
    private transient int modCount = 0;//fail-fast机制，记录改变的数目

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1421746759512286392L;

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial
     * capacity and the specified load factor.
     *
     * @param      initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hashtable.
     * @param      loadFactor        the load factor of the hashtable.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException  if the initial capacity is less
     *             than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
     */
    //还有初始大小和加载因子的构造函数
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                    initialCapacity);
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);
        if (initialCapacity==0)
            initialCapacity = 1;
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        table = new Entry<?,?>[initialCapacity];
        threshold = (int)Math.min(initialCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial capacity
     * and default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param     initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hashtable.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
     *              than zero.
     */
    //初始大小和默认的0.75加载因子的构造函数
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, 0.75f);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with a default initial capacity (11)
     * and load factor (0.75).
     */
    //使用默认的构造函数
    public Hashtable() {
        this(11, 0.75f);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new hashtable with the same mappings as the given
     * Map.  The hashtable is created with an initial capacity sufficient to
     * hold the mappings in the given Map and a default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param t the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map.
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null.
     * @since   1.2
     */
    public Hashtable(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
        this(Math.max(2*t.size(), 11), 0.75f);
        putAll(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of keys in this hashtable.
     *
     * @return  the number of keys in this hashtable.
     */
    //Hashtable中entry大小
    public synchronized int size() {
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this hashtable maps no keys to values.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if this hashtable maps no keys to values;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     */
    //判断是否为空
    public synchronized boolean isEmpty() {
        return count == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
     * @see     Enumeration
     * @see     #elements()
     * @see     #keySet()
     * @see     Map
     */
    //key值的枚举
    public synchronized Enumeration<K> keys() {
        return this.<K>getEnumeration(KEYS);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
     * Use the Enumeration methods on the returned object to fetch the elements
     * sequentially.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
     * @see     java.util.Enumeration
     * @see     #keys()
     * @see     #values()
     * @see     Map
     */
    //value的枚举
    public synchronized Enumeration<V> elements() {
        return this.<V>getEnumeration(VALUES);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this hashtable.
     * This operation is more expensive than the {@link #containsKey
     * containsKey} method.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method is identical in functionality to
     * {@link #containsValue containsValue}, (which is part of the
     * {@link Map} interface in the collections framework).
     *
     * @param      value   a value to search for
     * @return     <code>true</code> if and only if some key maps to the
     *             <code>value</code> argument in this hashtable as
     *             determined by the <tt>equals</tt> method;
     *             <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if the value is <code>null</code>
     */
    //判断是否包含某个值
    public synchronized boolean contains(Object value) {
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        for (int i = tab.length ; i-- > 0 ;) {
            for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
                if (e.value.equals(value)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this hashtable maps one or more keys to this value.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method is identical in functionality to {@link
     * #contains contains} (which predates the {@link Map} interface).
     *
     * @param value value whose presence in this hashtable is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
     *         specified value
     * @throws NullPointerException  if the value is <code>null</code>
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        return contains(value);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified object is a key in this hashtable.
     *
     * @param   key   possible key
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the specified object
     *          is a key in this hashtable, as determined by the
     *          <tt>equals</tt> method; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>
     * @see     #contains(Object)
     */
    //判断是否包含某个key
    public synchronized boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key.equals(k))},
     * then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
     * {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
     * @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
     *         {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
     * @see     #put(Object, Object)
     */
    //获得某个key对应的value
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public synchronized V get(Object key) {
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                return (V)e.value;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * The maximum size of array to allocate.
     * Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
     * Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
     * OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit
     */
    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    /**
     * Increases the capacity of and internally reorganizes this
     * hashtable, in order to accommodate and access its entries more
     * efficiently.  This method is called automatically when the
     * number of keys in the hashtable exceeds this hashtable&#39;s capacity
     * and load factor.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    protected void rehash() {
        int oldCapacity = table.length;
        Entry<?,?>[] oldMap = table;

        // overflow-conscious code
        int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {
            if (oldCapacity == MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
            // Keep running with MAX_ARRAY_SIZE buckets
                return;
            newCapacity = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
        }
        Entry<?,?>[] newMap = new Entry<?,?>[newCapacity];

        modCount++;
        threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
        table = newMap;

        for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) {
            for (Entry<K,V> old = (Entry<K,V>)oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) {
                Entry<K,V> e = old;
                old = old.next;

                int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity;
                e.next = (Entry<K,V>)newMap[index];
                newMap[index] = e;
            }
        }
    }

    private void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int index) {
        modCount++;

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        if (count >= threshold) {
            // Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
            rehash();

            tab = table;
            hash = key.hashCode();
            index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        }

        // Creates the new entry.
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>) tab[index];
        tab[index] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
        count++;
    }

    /**
     * Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified
     * <code>value</code> in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the
     * value can be <code>null</code>. <p>
     *
     * The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method
     * with a key that is equal to the original key.
     *
     * @param      key     the hashtable key
     * @param      value   the value
     * @return     the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
     *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if the key or value is
     *               <code>null</code>
     * @see     Object#equals(Object)
     * @see     #get(Object)
     */
    //key和value都不为空
    public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
        // Make sure the value is not null
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
            if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
                V old = entry.value;
                entry.value = value;
                return old;
            }
        }

        addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this
     * hashtable. This method does nothing if the key is not in the hashtable.
     *
     * @param   key   the key that needs to be removed
     * @return  the value to which the key had been mapped in this hashtable,
     *          or <code>null</code> if the key did not have a mapping
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>
     */
    //删除某个key对应的value
    public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for(Entry<K,V> prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                modCount++;
                if (prev != null) {
                    prev.next = e.next;
                } else {
                    tab[index] = e.next;
                }
                count--;
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = null;
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this hashtable.
     * These mappings will replace any mappings that this hashtable had for any
     * of the keys currently in the specified map.
     *
     * @param t mappings to be stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
        for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : t.entrySet())
            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
    }

    /**
     * Clears this hashtable so that it contains no keys.
     */
    //清空
    public synchronized void clear() {
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        modCount++;
        for (int index = tab.length; --index >= 0; )
            tab[index] = null;
        count = 0;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow copy of this hashtable. All the structure of the
     * hashtable itself is copied, but the keys and values are not cloned.
     * This is a relatively expensive operation.
     *
     * @return  a clone of the hashtable
     */
    //浅拷贝
    public synchronized Object clone() {
        try {
            Hashtable<?,?> t = (Hashtable<?,?>)super.clone();
            t.table = new Entry<?,?>[table.length];
            for (int i = table.length ; i-- > 0 ; ) {
                t.table[i] = (table[i] != null)
                        ? (Entry<?,?>) table[i].clone() : null;
            }
            t.keySet = null;
            t.entrySet = null;
            t.values = null;
            t.modCount = 0;
            return t;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn&#39;t happen, since we are Cloneable
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this <tt>Hashtable</tt> object
     * in the form of a set of entries, enclosed in braces and separated
     * by the ASCII characters "<tt>, </tt>" (comma and space). Each
     * entry is rendered as the key, an equals sign <tt>=</tt>, and the
     * associated element, where the <tt>toString</tt> method is used to
     * convert the key and element to strings.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this hashtable
     */
    public synchronized String toString() {
        int max = size() - 1;
        if (max == -1)
            return "{}";

        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> it = entrySet().iterator();

        sb.append(&#39;{&#39;);
        for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
            Map.Entry<K,V> e = it.next();
            K key = e.getKey();
            V value = e.getValue();
            sb.append(key   == this ? "(this Map)" : key.toString());
            sb.append(&#39;=&#39;);
            sb.append(value == this ? "(this Map)" : value.toString());

            if (i == max)
                return sb.append(&#39;}&#39;).toString();
            sb.append(", ");
        }
    }


    private <T> Enumeration<T> getEnumeration(int type) {
        if (count == 0) {
            return Collections.emptyEnumeration();
        } else {
            return new Enumerator<>(type, false);
        }
    }

    private <T> Iterator<T> getIterator(int type) {
        if (count == 0) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        } else {
            return new Enumerator<>(type, true);
        }
    }

    // Views

    /**
     * Each of these fields are initialized to contain an instance of the
     * appropriate view the first time this view is requested.  The views are
     * stateless, so there&#39;s no reason to create more than one of each.
     */
    private transient volatile Set<K> keySet;
    private transient volatile Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
    private transient volatile Collection<V> values;

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
     * the iterator&#39;s own <tt>remove</tt> operation), the results of
     * the iteration are undefined.  The set supports element removal,
     * which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the
     * <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Set.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
     * operations.  It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt>
     * operations.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Set<K> keySet() {
        if (keySet == null)
            keySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new KeySet(), this);
        return keySet;
    }

    private class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
            return getIterator(KEYS);
        }
        public int size() {
            return count;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsKey(o);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return Hashtable.this.remove(o) != null;
        }
        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
     * the iterator&#39;s own <tt>remove</tt> operation, or through the
     * <tt>setValue</tt> operation on a map entry returned by the
     * iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined.  The set
     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>Set.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt> and
     * <tt>clear</tt> operations.  It does not support the
     * <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
        if (entrySet==null)
            entrySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new EntrySet(), this);
        return entrySet;
    }

    private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
            return getIterator(ENTRIES);
        }

        public boolean add(Map.Entry<K,V> o) {
            return super.add(o);
        }

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?,?> entry = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
            Object key = entry.getKey();
            Entry<?,?>[] tab = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

            for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
                if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry))
                    return true;
            return false;
        }

        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?,?> entry = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o;
            Object key = entry.getKey();
            Entry<?,?>[] tab = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
            for(Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
                if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry)) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null)
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    else
                        tab[index] = e.next;

                    count--;
                    e.value = null;
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int size() {
            return count;
        }

        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.  If the map is
     * modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress
     * (except through the iterator&#39;s own <tt>remove</tt> operation),
     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The collection
     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>Collection.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>,
     * <tt>retainAll</tt> and <tt>clear</tt> operations.  It does not
     * support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Collection<V> values() {
        if (values==null)
            values = Collections.synchronizedCollection(new ValueCollection(),
                    this);
        return values;
    }

    private class ValueCollection extends AbstractCollection<V> {
        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
            return getIterator(VALUES);
        }
        public int size() {
            return count;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsValue(o);
        }
        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

        // Comparison and hashing

    /**
     * Compares the specified Object with this Map for equality,
     * as per the definition in the Map interface.
     *
     * @param  o object to be compared for equality with this hashtable
     * @return true if the specified Object is equal to this Map
     * @see Map#equals(Object)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o == this)
            return true;

        if (!(o instanceof Map))
            return false;
        Map<?,?> t = (Map<?,?>) o;
        if (t.size() != size())
            return false;

        try {
            Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i = entrySet().iterator();
            while (i.hasNext()) {
                Map.Entry<K,V> e = i.next();
                K key = e.getKey();
                V value = e.getValue();
                if (value == null) {
                    if (!(t.get(key)==null && t.containsKey(key)))
                        return false;
                } else {
                    if (!value.equals(t.get(key)))
                        return false;
                }
            }
        } catch (ClassCastException unused)   {
            return false;
        } catch (NullPointerException unused) {
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the hash code value for this Map as per the definition in the
     * Map interface.
     *
     * @see Map#hashCode()
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized int hashCode() {
        /*
         * This code detects the recursion caused by computing the hash code
         * of a self-referential hash table and prevents the stack overflow
         * that would otherwise result.  This allows certain 1.1-era
         * applets with self-referential hash tables to work.  This code
         * abuses the loadFactor field to do double-duty as a hashCode
         * in progress flag, so as not to worsen the space performance.
         * A negative load factor indicates that hash code computation is
         * in progress.
         */
        int h = 0;
        if (count == 0 || loadFactor < 0)
            return h;  // Returns zero

        loadFactor = -loadFactor;  // Mark hashCode computation in progress
        Entry<?,?>[] tab = table;
        for (Entry<?,?> entry : tab) {
            while (entry != null) {
                h += entry.hashCode();
                entry = entry.next;
            }
        }

        loadFactor = -loadFactor;  // Mark hashCode computation complete

        return h;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue) {
        V result = get(key);
        return (null == result) ? defaultValue : result;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public synchronized void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);     // explicit check required in case
        // table is empty.
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Entry<?, ?>[] tab = table;
        for (Entry<?, ?> entry : tab) {
            while (entry != null) {
                action.accept((K)entry.key, (V)entry.value);
                entry = entry.next;

                if (expectedModCount != modCount) {
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public synchronized void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(function);     // explicit check required in case
        // table is empty.
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Entry<K, V>[] tab = (Entry<K, V>[])table;
        for (Entry<K, V> entry : tab) {
            while (entry != null) {
                entry.value = Objects.requireNonNull(
                        function.apply(entry.key, entry.value));
                entry = entry.next;

                if (expectedModCount != modCount) {
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(value);

        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (; entry != null; entry = entry.next) {
            if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
                V old = entry.value;
                if (old == null) {
                    entry.value = value;
                }
                return old;
            }
        }

        addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(value);

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key) && e.value.equals(value)) {
                modCount++;
                if (prev != null) {
                    prev.next = e.next;
                } else {
                    tab[index] = e.next;
                }
                count--;
                e.value = null;
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(oldValue);
        Objects.requireNonNull(newValue);
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                if (e.value.equals(oldValue)) {
                    e.value = newValue;
                    return true;
                } else {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V replace(K key, V value) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(value);
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(mappingFunction);

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.hash == hash && e.key.equals(key)) {
                // Hashtable not accept null value
                return e.value;
            }
        }

        V newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key);
        if (newValue != null) {
            addEntry(hash, key, newValue, index);
        }

        return newValue;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if (e.hash == hash && e.key.equals(key)) {
                V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, e.value);
                if (newValue == null) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null) {
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    } else {
                        tab[index] = e.next;
                    }
                    count--;
                } else {
                    e.value = newValue;
                }
                return newValue;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if (e.hash == hash && Objects.equals(e.key, key)) {
                V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, e.value);
                if (newValue == null) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null) {
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    } else {
                        tab[index] = e.next;
                    }
                    count--;
                } else {
                    e.value = newValue;
                }
                return newValue;
            }
        }

        V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, null);
        if (newValue != null) {
            addEntry(hash, key, newValue, index);
        }

        return newValue;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(remappingFunction);

        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for (Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if (e.hash == hash && e.key.equals(key)) {
                V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(e.value, value);
                if (newValue == null) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null) {
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    } else {
                        tab[index] = e.next;
                    }
                    count--;
                } else {
                    e.value = newValue;
                }
                return newValue;
            }
        }

        if (value != null) {
            addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
        }

        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Save the state of the Hashtable to a stream (i.e., serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the Hashtable (the length of the
     *             bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the
     *             <i>size</i> of the Hashtable (the number of key-value
     *             mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
     *             for each key-value mapping represented by the Hashtable
     *             The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
            throws IOException {
        Entry<Object, Object> entryStack = null;

        synchronized (this) {
            // Write out the length, threshold, loadfactor
            s.defaultWriteObject();

            // Write out length, count of elements
            s.writeInt(table.length);
            s.writeInt(count);

            // Stack copies of the entries in the table
            for (int index = 0; index < table.length; index++) {
                Entry<?,?> entry = table[index];

                while (entry != null) {
                    entryStack =
                            new Entry<>(0, entry.key, entry.value, entryStack);
                    entry = entry.next;
                }
            }
        }

        // Write out the key/value objects from the stacked entries
        while (entryStack != null) {
            s.writeObject(entryStack.key);
            s.writeObject(entryStack.value);
            entryStack = entryStack.next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitute the Hashtable from a stream (i.e., deserialize it).
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
            throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        // Read in the length, threshold, and loadfactor
        s.defaultReadObject();

        // Read the original length of the array and number of elements
        int origlength = s.readInt();
        int elements = s.readInt();

        // Compute new size with a bit of room 5% to grow but
        // no larger than the original size.  Make the length
        // odd if it&#39;s large enough, this helps distribute the entries.
        // Guard against the length ending up zero, that&#39;s not valid.
        int length = (int)(elements * loadFactor) + (elements / 20) + 3;
        if (length > elements && (length & 1) == 0)
            length--;
        if (origlength > 0 && length > origlength)
            length = origlength;
        table = new Entry<?,?>[length];
        threshold = (int)Math.min(length * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
        count = 0;

        // Read the number of elements and then all the key/value objects
        for (; elements > 0; elements--) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            K key = (K)s.readObject();
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            V value = (V)s.readObject();
            // synch could be eliminated for performance
            reconstitutionPut(table, key, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * The put method used by readObject. This is provided because put
     * is overridable and should not be called in readObject since the
     * subclass will not yet be initialized.
     *
     * <p>This differs from the regular put method in several ways. No
     * checking for rehashing is necessary since the number of elements
     * initially in the table is known. The modCount is not incremented
     * because we are creating a new instance. Also, no return value
     * is needed.
     */
    private void reconstitutionPut(Entry<?,?>[] tab, K key, V value)
            throws StreamCorruptedException
    {
        if (value == null) {
            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
        }
        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        // This should not happen in deserialized version.
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
            }
        }
        // Creates the new entry.
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        tab[index] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
        count++;
    }

    /**
     * Hashtable bucket collision list entry
     */
    private static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
        final int hash;
        final K key;
        V value;
        Entry<K,V> next;

        protected Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Entry<K,V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key =  key;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        protected Object clone() {
            return new Entry<>(hash, key, value,
                    (next==null ? null : (Entry<K,V>) next.clone()));
        }

        // Map.Entry Ops

        public K getKey() {
            return key;
        }

        public V getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public V setValue(V value) {
            if (value == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();

            V oldValue = this.value;
            this.value = value;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;

            return (key==null ? e.getKey()==null : key.equals(e.getKey())) &&
                    (value==null ? e.getValue()==null : value.equals(e.getValue()));
        }

        public int hashCode() {
            return hash ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
        }

        public String toString() {
            return key.toString()+"="+value.toString();
        }
    }

    // Types of Enumerations/Iterations
    private static final int KEYS = 0;
    private static final int VALUES = 1;
    private static final int ENTRIES = 2;

    /**
     * A hashtable enumerator class.  This class implements both the
     * Enumeration and Iterator interfaces, but inpidual instances
     * can be created with the Iterator methods disabled.  This is necessary
     * to avoid unintentionally increasing the capabilities granted a user
     * by passing an Enumeration.
     */
    private class Enumerator<T> implements Enumeration<T>, Iterator<T> {
        Entry<?,?>[] table = Hashtable.this.table;
        int index = table.length;
        Entry<?,?> entry;
        Entry<?,?> lastReturned;
        int type;

        /**
         * Indicates whether this Enumerator is serving as an Iterator
         * or an Enumeration.  (true -> Iterator).
         */
        boolean iterator;

        /**
         * The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
         * Hashtable should have.  If this expectation is violated, the iterator
         * has detected concurrent modification.
         */
        protected int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Enumerator(int type, boolean iterator) {
            this.type = type;
            this.iterator = iterator;
        }

        public boolean hasMoreElements() {
            Entry<?,?> e = entry;
            int i = index;
            Entry<?,?>[] t = table;
            /* Use locals for faster loop iteration */
            while (e == null && i > 0) {
                e = t[--i];
            }
            entry = e;
            index = i;
            return e != null;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public T nextElement() {
            Entry<?,?> et = entry;
            int i = index;
            Entry<?,?>[] t = table;
            /* Use locals for faster loop iteration */
            while (et == null && i > 0) {
                et = t[--i];
            }
            entry = et;
            index = i;
            if (et != null) {
                Entry<?,?> e = lastReturned = entry;
                entry = e.next;
                return type == KEYS ? (T)e.key : (type == VALUES ? (T)e.value : (T)e);
            }
            throw new NoSuchElementException("Hashtable Enumerator");
        }

        // Iterator methods
        public boolean hasNext() {
            return hasMoreElements();
        }

        public T next() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            return nextElement();
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (!iterator)
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            if (lastReturned == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException("Hashtable Enumerator");
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();

            synchronized(Hashtable.this) {
                Entry<?,?>[] tab = Hashtable.this.table;
                int index = (lastReturned.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
                for(Entry<K,V> prev = null; e != null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
                    if (e == lastReturned) {
                        modCount++;
                        expectedModCount++;
                        if (prev == null)
                            tab[index] = e.next;
                        else
                            prev.next = e.next;
                        count--;
                        lastReturned = null;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }
}