Aufbau eines Echtzeit-Benachrichtigungscenters in React

Benachrichtigungen halten Benutzer auf dem Laufenden und engagieren sie. Mit einem benutzerdefinierten React-Benachrichtigungscenter können Sie das Benutzererlebnis vollständig steuern und anpassen. Hier finden Sie eine kurze Anleitung zum Erstellen von Grund auf, die sowohl Frontend- als auch Backend-Komponenten für Echtzeit-Updates abdeckt.

1. Anforderungen an ein React Notification Center

• Echtzeit-Updates: Benachrichtigungen sollten sofort ohne Aktualisierung angezeigt werden.
• Hintergrundbenachrichtigungen: Verwenden Sie Servicemitarbeiter, um Benachrichtigungen zu bearbeiten, auch wenn die App nicht im Fokus ist.
• Multi-Channel-Unterstützung: Einschließlich In-App-Benachrichtigungen, Push-Benachrichtigungen, E-Mails und SMS.
• Benutzereinstellungen: Ermöglichen Sie Benutzern, ihre Benachrichtigungseinstellungen anzupassen.
• Skalierbarkeit: Stellen Sie sicher, dass das System eine große Menge an Benachrichtigungen verarbeiten kann.
• Zuverlässigkeit: Benachrichtigungen müssen genau und zeitnah zugestellt werden.

2. Überblick über die Systemarchitektur

Frontend

• React App: Zeigt Benachrichtigungen an und verarbeitet Echtzeit-Updates.
• Service Worker: Verwaltet Hintergrundbenachrichtigungen über die Benachrichtigungs-API.
• WebSocket/Polling: Hält den Benachrichtigungs-Feed in Echtzeit auf dem neuesten Stand.

Backend

• Microservices:
  • Benachrichtigungsdienst: Erzeugt und speichert Benachrichtigungen.
  • Versanddienst: Sendet Benachrichtigungen an verschiedene Kanäle.
  • Benutzereinstellungsdienst: Verwaltet Benutzereinstellungen für Benachrichtigungen.
• Nachrichtenwarteschlange: Verarbeitet effizient die Benachrichtigungsverteilung.
• Datenbank: Speichert Benutzereinstellungen und Benachrichtigungsprotokolle.
• Push-Dienste: Integration mit Firebase und APNs für Push-Benachrichtigungen.

3. Backend-Architektur

3.1. Microservices-Design

3.2. Database Design

• Notifications Table: Stores notification metadata.
• User Preferences Table: Tracks user settings.
• Logs Table: Keeps a record of all notifications sent.

Example: Notification Service in Node.js/Express

const express = require('express');
const app = express();

let notifications = [];

app.post('/notify', (req, res) => {
    const notification = {
        id: notifications.length + 1,
        type: req.body.type,
        message: req.body.message,
        userId: req.body.userId,
        status: 'unread',
        timestamp: new Date()
    };

    notifications.push(notification);
    res.status(200).send(notification);
});

app.listen(3000, () => {
    console.log('Notification Service running on port 3000');
});

4. Real-Time Communication

4.1. WebSocket Connection

• Server: Handles connections and broadcasts notifications.
• Client: Listens for updates and updates the UI in real-time.

Example: WebSocket Server with Socket.IO

const io = require('socket.io')(3001);

io.on('connection', (socket) => {
    console.log('User connected:', socket.id);

    socket.emit('notification', {
        message: 'New notification!',
        timestamp: new Date()
    });

    socket.on('disconnect', () => {
        console.log('User disconnected:', socket.id);
    });
});

Client-Side Integration in React

import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import io from 'socket.io-client';

const socket = io('http://localhost:3001');

function NotificationCenter() {
    const [notifications, setNotifications] = useState([]);

    useEffect(() => {
        socket.on('notification', (notification) => {
            setNotifications(prev => [...prev, notification]);
        });
    }, []);

    return (
        <div>
            <h2>Notification Center</h2>
            {notifications.map((notif, index) => (
                <div key={index}>{notif.message} - {notif.timestamp}</div>
            ))}
        </div>
    );
}

export default NotificationCenter;

4.2. Polling as a Fallback

• Client: Periodically checks the server for new notifications.

Example: Polling Implementation in React

import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';

function NotificationCenter() {
    const [notifications, setNotifications] = useState([]);

    useEffect(() => {
        const interval = setInterval(() => {
            fetch('/api/notifications')
                .then(response => response.json())
                .then(data => setNotifications(data));
        }, 5000); // Poll every 5 seconds

        return () => clearInterval(interval);
    }, []);

    return (
        <div>
            <h2>Notification Center</h2>
            {notifications.map((notif, index) => (
                <div key={index}>{notif.message}</div>
            ))}
        </div>
    );
}

export default NotificationCenter;

5. Integrating Notifications API and Service Workers

5.1. Service Workers

• Register: Handle background notifications.

Example: Registering a Service Worker

if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
    navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js').then(registration => {
        console.log('Service Worker registered:', registration.scope);
    }).catch(error => {
        console.error('Service Worker registration failed:', error);
    });
}

5.2. Notifications API

• Permission Handling: Request permission to display notifications.
• Trigger Notifications: Show notifications even when the app isn’t active.

Example: Displaying a Notification

if (Notification.permission === 'granted') {
    new Notification('New message!', {
        body: 'Click to view the message.',
        icon: '/path/to/icon.png'
    });
} else if (Notification.permission !== 'denied') {
    Notification.requestPermission().then(permission => {
        if (permission === 'granted') {
            new Notification('New message!', {
                body: 'Click to view the message.',
                icon: '/path/to/icon.png'
            });
        }
    });
}

6. Push Notifications with Firebase and APNs

6.1. Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM)

• Setup: Register with Firebase and get tokens.
• Send Notifications: Use tokens to dispatch notifications.

Example: Sending Push Notifications with FCM in Node.js

const admin = require('firebase-admin');
const serviceAccount = require('./path/to/serviceAccountKey.json');

admin.initializeApp({
    credential: admin.credential.cert(serviceAccount)
});

const message = {
    notification: {
        title: 'New Notification',
        body: 'You have a new notification!'
    },
    token: 'device-token'
};

admin.messaging().send(message)
    .then(response => console.log('Message sent:', response))
    .catch(error => console.error('Error sending message:', error));

6.2. Apple Push Notification service (APNs)

• Integrate: Handle device tokens and use them to send notifications via APNs.

7. Building the Notification Center UI in React

7.1. Designing the Notification Feed

• Notification List: Show all notifications with options to mark as read or delete.
• Notification Badge: Display unread notification count.
• Toast Notifications: Use libraries like react-toastify for brief notifications.

Example: Notification List Component

import React from 'react';

function NotificationList({ notifications }) {
    return (
        <div>
            {notifications.map(notification => (
                <div key={notification.id}>{notification.message}</div>
            ))}
        </div>
    );
}

export default NotificationList;

Example: Toast Notifications with react-toastify

import { toast } from 'react-toastify';
import 'react-toastify/dist/ReactToastify.css';

toast.configure();

function notify() {
    toast('New notification!', { position: toast.POSITION.BOTTOM_RIGHT });
}

notify();

7.2. Managing State with Redux or Context API

• Global Store: Use Redux or Context API to manage notifications globally.
• Real-Time Updates: Update the store with new notifications via WebSocket or polling.

Example: Managing State with Redux

import { createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';

const notificationSlice = createSlice({
    name: 'notifications',
    initialState: [],
    reducers: {
        addNotification: (state, action) => {
            state.push(action.payload);
        },
        markAsRead: (state, action) => {
            const notification = state.find(n => n.id === action.payload);
            if (notification) {
                notification.read = true;
            }
        }
    }
});

export const { addNotification, markAsRead } = notificationSlice.actions;
export default notificationSlice.reducer;

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